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. 2022 Sep 13;12:14972. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19067-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Local sequence context at the APOBEC-edited C sites on SARS-CoV-2 RNA. (A) Local sequences around the significantly edited target C sites (± 5 nucleotides from target C at position 0) by A1 + A1CF, A3A, or A3G. The editing level of each C site was normalized to the Ctrl, and only sites with 3 × or higher editing levels than the normalized value were defined as significant editing sites. (B) Analysis of local sequences around the top 30% edited C sites (or hotspot editing sites), showing predominantly AC motif for A1 + A1CF, UC for A3A, and CC for A3G. (C) Comparison of the C-to-U editing rates (%) of a particular dinucleotide motif by the three APOBECs. Each dot represents the C-to-U editing level obtained from the SSS results. In panel-D, statistical significance was calculated by unpaired two-tailed student’s t-test with P-values represented as: P > 0.05 = not significant; not indicated, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.