Table 1.

An overview of dietary interventions in human and mouse models

Diet	Diet composition (humans)	Diet composition (mice)	Reduction in caloric intake (humans)	Reduction in caloric intake (mice)	Periodicity
Calorie restriction [205, 206]	Typical diet of participant with micronutrients maintained	Vitamin-fortified isonitrogenous to ad libitum (AL) diet	20–25% reduction	20–40% reduction*	Chronic restriction without altered meal frequency in humans; Mice fed once daily
Fasting [207–209]	Variable	Standard diet	No food consumption for duration of fasting period, water allowed	No food consumption for duration of fasting period, water provided	Range from 12 h to weeks in humans; 24–60 h in mice
Fasting-mimicking diet [210–212]	Low protein (~ 10%), high fat (44–56%), high carbohydrate (34–47%): vegetable-based soups, broths, and tea	Standard diet for maintenance, proprietary FMD rodent diet with day 1 and days 2–4 caloric compositions	Day 1: ~ 1200 kcal; Days 2–4: ~ 200 kcal	Day 1: 7.67 kJ/g (~ 50% reduction); Days 2–4: 1.48 kJ/g (~ 90% reduction)	1–2 four-day cycles/month in humans; 10-day breaks (or complete body weight recovery) between four-day cycles in mice
Intermittent energy restriction [213, 214]	Mediterranean-style diet on days with no caloric reduction	Special diet with 2 × protein, vitamin, minerals, and fats for AL periods	~ 70–75% reduction for 2 days/week, AL for other 5 days/week OR 60–70% reduction every other day	Cycles of 50% CR for 3 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of no reduction	Chronic restricted cycles of either 5:2 or every other day in humans; cycles of 3 weeks AL, 3 weeks 50% CR in mice
Time-restricted feeding [215, 216]	Typical diet of participant; no intervention required to macronutrient composition	Highly variable	None required	None required	12-–20-h window of fasting every 24 h for humans and mice
Ketogenic diet [217, 218]	High fat (75–80%), very low carbohydrate (< 50 g/day, if possible), moderate protein (15–20%)	Customized rodent diets containing ~ 90% fat, 9–10% protein, and 0–1% carbohydrates	None required	None required	Chronic for humans and mice
Mediterranean diet [219, 220]	Vegetables (2–6 servings), fruit (1–3 servings), grains (< 8 servings), olive oil every meal (~ 37% fats, 33 g fiber/day)	Supplementation with omega-3 ethyl esters OR a Mediterranean-style formulated purified diet (highly variable)	None required	None required	Chronic for humans and mice

^*Periodicity of calorie intake in CR in rodents is more impactful than the actual restriction itself [221]