Fig. 5. Autophagic blockers Mibefradil/Chloroquine, Vemurafenib and M-CSF mAb-combined therapy reduce tumour growth and vascularisation of BRAF^V600E-resistant melanoma cells.

a Workflow of the in vivo experiment. (o.p. = orally; i.p. = intraperitoneal). b Tumour growth curves under treatment with Vemurafenib (50 mg/kg), CQ (30 mg/kg), M-CSF mAb (Lacnotuzumab) (4 mg/kg) or the combination therapy for 2 weeks in mice with SK-Mel-28R xenografts (n = 6). c Weight monitoring during all the following treatments. d Ki-67 Immunochemistry detection in xenografts (left) % of positive Ki-67 (right) and representative images of the Ki-67 immunostaining. e (left) % of positive immunostaining of ENG and (right) images of vascularisation represented by ENG immunostaining. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA test, followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, non-significant).