TABLE 2.

Associations Between the FF of PSM and Standard Parameters

	FF (Outcome)
	L1/L2			L2/L3			L3/L4			L4/L5			L5/S1
	β	P	95% CI	β	P	95% CI	β	P	95% CI	β	P	95% CI	β	P	95% CI
GC	3.66	<0.001	2.12 to 5.20	3.65	<0.001	2.08 to 5.22	3.79	<0.001	2.35 to 5.23	6.64	<0.001	5.17 to 8.12	4.85	<0.001	3.45 to 6.25
Volume	0.0001	0.063	−0.00001 to 0.0002	0.0001	0.134	−0.00003 to 0.0002	0.0001	0.110	−0.00002 to 0.0002	0.0001	0.143	−0.00003 to 0.0002	0.001	<0.001	0.0008 to 0.001
LIV	0.39	0.001	0.15 to 0.62	0.32	0.011	0.08 to 0.57	0.23	0.054	−0.004 to 0.46	0.27	0.036	0.02 to 0.52	0.20	0.119	−0.05 to 0.45
MFI	0.03	0.766	−0.15 to 0.20	0.09	0.345	−0.10 to 0.28	0.13	0.175	−0.06 to 0.31	0.20	0.010	0.05 to 0.35	0.13	0.056	−0.003 to 0.25

This table lists the β coefficients, P-values, and 95% CIs for the associations between FF and GC, muscle volume, LIV, and MFI by spinal level (mixed-effects regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index). Using correction for multiple comparisons, the level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.0025 (statistically significant P-values are shown in bold).

FF = fat fraction; PSM = paraspinal musculature; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; GC = Goutallier classification; LIV = lumbar indentation value; MFI = muscle-fat index.