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. 2022 Aug 31;13:984536. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984536

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Copyright © 2022 Khoshnood, Ghanavati, Shirani, Ghahramanpour, Sholeh, Shariati, Sadeghifard and Heidary.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanism of action of the COVID-19 DNA and RNA vaccines. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine has strands of messenger RNA inside a coating that protects it from enzymes. COVID-19 DNA vaccine comprises a plasmid that after the vaccine reaches the nucleus, it must be transcripted to an mRNA. In both vaccines, mRNA is translated into the human cells. Next, the encoded protein is expressed in the host cells, and the SARS-CoV-2 antigen can be then presented to antigen-presenting cells. Then, T helper cells stimulate the immune responses including an increase in neutrophils, NK cells, CD 4+ T cells, CD 8+ T cells, and B cells.