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Mechanism of action of the COVID-19 vector vaccines. In comparison to replicating viral vectors, nonreplicating vectors have genetic deletions and unable to replicate inside the body. In both vaccines, the SARS-CoV-2 antigen can be presented to antigen-presenting cells. Then, T helper cells stimulate the immune responses including an increase in neutrophils, NK cells, CD 4+ T cells, CD 8+ T cells, and B cells.
