Table 3.
Characteristics of COVID-19 non-replicating viral vectors vaccines.
| Vaccine | Developer | Route of administration/ dose | Clinical stage | Subunit and structure | Adjuvant | Efficacy | Side effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChAdOx1-S-/AZD1222/ Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine | AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford | IM /2 | Phase 4 | Non-replicating viral vector (chimpanzee adenovirus vector encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein) | No adjuvant | 66.7% based on results of four clinical trials in the UK, Brazil, and South Africa | Fever, headache, muscle pain, numbness, eye muscle pain. thrombotic events (few studies) | Pormohammad et al., 2021; Voysey et al., 2021; Alghamdi et al., 2022 |
| Ad5-nCoV/Convidecia | CanSino Biological Inc. and Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | IM /1 | Phase 4 | Non-replicating viral vector (adenovirus type 5 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spike protein) | No adjuvant | 63.7 and 57.5% after day14 and 28 post-administration (according to phase3 data) | Commonly mild reaction: Headache, pain at the injection site | Halperin et al., 2022 |
| JNJ-78436735/Ad26.COV2.S | Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies (Johnson & Johnson) | IM /1 | Phase 4 | Non-replicating viral vector (adenovirus type 26 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) | No adjuvant | 66.9% based on phase 3 clinical trial data | generally mild to moderate and temporary with a lower incidence among older subjects | Sadoff et al., 2022 |
| GRAd-COV2 | ReiThera, Leukocare and Universelle | IM /1 | Phase 2/3 | Non-replicating viral vector (gorilla Adenovirus encoding SARS-COV-2 Spike protein) | No adjuvant | 98.8% seroconversion rate based on phase 1 data | mostly mild or moderate and with a short duration | Lanini et al., 2021b |
| AZD2816 | AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford | IM /2 | Phase 2/3 | Non-replicating viral vector (similar to AZD1222; but encoding beta variant SARS-COV-2 Spike protein) | No adjuvant | NR | NR | van Doremalen et al., 2022 |
| Gam-COVID-Vac /Sputnik V | Gamaleya Research Institute and Health Ministry of the Russian Federation | IM /2 | Phase3 | Non-replicating viral vector (adenovirus serotype 26 encoding SARS-COV-2 Spike protein) | No adjuvant | 91·6% efficacy based on phase 3 data | pain in the injection site, fatigue, body pain, headache, fever, joint pain, chilling, and drowsiness(based on Iranian health care workers’ results) | Babamahmoodi et al., 2021; Logunov et al., 2021 |
NR: Not Reported. IM: Intramuscular. IN: Intranasal. LNP: lipid nanoparticle.