FIGURE 5.

RAPA‐ and RAPA/MET‐treatments prevented the promotion of nephropathy by metformin. (a) Glomerular nephritis was widespread in MET‐treated and UNT mice. Addition of RAPA reduced the incidence of glomerular nephritis compared to that in MET‐treated mice. (b) MET‐treatment increased the incidence of hyaline thrombi; this increase was prevented in RAPA/MET‐treated mice. (c) MET‐treatment doubled the urinary ACR level; RAPA/MET‐treatment prevented this effect of metformin on ACR level. Mean ± SE. N = 9–10 mice per treatment. Significance annotations and treatment abbreviations as in Figure 1