Differentiation status and phenotype of HIV-specific memory CD8+ T cells in people treated from acute and chronic HIV infection. (a) Average frequencies of naive-like (Tna), stem cell memory (Tscm), central memory (Tcm), transitional memory (Ttm), CD45RA+ transitional memory (RA+ Ttm), effector memory (Tem), and terminally differentiated cells (Ttd) in HIV/EBV-specific CD8+ T cells from individuals who initiated treatment in AHI (n=33) or in CHI (n=13) and were on ART for more than 1 year. Chi-square permutation test was used to compare the overall frequency distribution of the CD8+ T cell subsets among the groups. (b, c, and d) Expression of CD127 (b), TOX (c), and PD-1 (d) on/in HIV/EBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Differences between groups were analyzed by a Kruskal-Wallis test. *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01; ****P< 0.0001.