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. 2022 Feb 28;7(3):e10303. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10303

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© 2022 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Cell culture and characterization between robotic bioprinting and manual implantation. (a and b) Cell viability of epidermal stem cells (Epi‐SCs) and skin‐derived precursors (SKPs) cultured for 7 days after robotic bioprinting and hand implantation. (c and d) Cell proliferation of Epi‐SCs and SKPs cultures for 7 days after robotic bioprinting and hand implantation. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. (e) Flow cytometry analysis showed high expression of CD29 and CD49f in Epi‐SCs after normal culture, robotic bioprinting, and hand implantation. (f) Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis of SKPs for their expression of genes involved with stemness and hair genesis.* p < 0.05. (g) Alkaline phosphatase activities of SKPs in normal culture, robotic bioprinting, and hand implantation. (h–j) Immunofluorescence analysis of fibronectin (red), nestin (green), Bmp6 (red) expression in SKPs in normal culture, robotic bioprinting, and hand implantation. (k) CD49f expression of Epi‐SCs in normal culture, robotic bioprinting and hand implantation (scale bar: 100 μm)