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. 2022 Mar 10;7(3):e10307. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10307

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© 2022 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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In situ creation of precursor skin tissue. (a) A hand‐held method for putting cell‐laden biomaterial sheets conformal to a full‐thickness burn lesion is shown schematically. (b) Picture of portable device for controlled delivery of bioink consisting of MSCs in fibrin bioink (green color) provided at flow rate (QB) and cross‐linker (clear) supplied at flow rate (QC) through microfluidic print head, while pushed by soft wheel along skin surface at velocity (V). (c, d) MSC‐containing fibrin‐HA biomaterials applied homogeneously on a porcine full‐thickness burn surface with a hand‐held device aid wound healing. 3D rendering, exploded view of hand‐held instrument and disposable bioink syringes, microfluidic printhead, and silicone wheel. Conformal deposition of biomaterial layers onto physiologically relevant topologies (e), 3D rendering, exploded view of hand‐held instrument and disposable bioink syringes, microfluidic printhead, and silicone wheel. (f), Left: Printhead side view demonstrating conformal sheet deposition by printhead onto wound substrate that is unaffected by wheel deformation. Right: contact pressures measured on stiff and soft surfaces for wheels of various hardness. The stiffness of injured tissue is shown by the dotted line. n = 5 separate experiments, data given as mean ± s.d. (g), Left: rendered picture of printhead moving along y‐axis with pitch angle, correcting for up to 45° inclinations. Right: printhead rotation around the x‐axis with roll angle, compensating for a 25° change in instrument position relative to the deposition surface's normal direction. (h), Photo of bioink extrusion from the side. (QC) and (QB) denote cross‐linker and bioink perfusion through the printhead. The wheel spins clockwise to move the instrument in the deposition direction at nominal speed V0. Middle: a schematic cross‐sectional view of the printhead with bioink and cross‐linker leaving to produce biomaterial sheets on the deposition surface with height (hT). Photo showing fibrin sheet formation on the right. 2 mm scale bar. Source: All pictures were reprinted with permission from reference 53