FIGURE 15.

Using a hand‐held bioprinter, in situ bioprinting of human teeth dental pulp tissue. (a) Design for hand‐held in situ bioprinting of cell‐loaded bioinks for de novo dental pulp tissue vasculogenesis. (b, c) Macrographs of cleaned root canals in prepared human teeth. (d) Setup for hand‐held bioprinting, which includes a hand‐held device with cartridge and microvalve, as well as a control unit. (e, f) Macrographs of human teeth following in situ hand‐held bioprinting with 0.2% COL–0.5% AG bioink and showing no indications of hydrogel contraction. Source: All pictures were reprinted with permission from reference 87