Table 3.
Types of interventions in the selected studies (N=48).
| Category | Studies, n (%) | |||
| Intervention format |
|
|||
|
|
Web-based program | 22 (46) | ||
|
|
Screening tool | 7 (15) | ||
|
|
Video | 6 (13) | ||
|
|
App | 4 (8) | ||
|
|
Website | 3 (6) | ||
|
|
Automated emails and website | 2 (4) | ||
|
|
Screening tool and messaging | 2 (4) | ||
|
|
Advertisement | 1 (2) | ||
|
|
Advertisement and website | 1 (2) | ||
| Target treatments |
|
|||
|
|
General professional help | 27 (56) | ||
|
|
Specific treatments | 21 (44) | ||
|
|
|
Specific face-to-face therapy | 14 (29) | |
|
|
|
Specific web-based therapy | 6 (13) | |
|
|
|
Specific phone therapy | 1 (2) | |
| Support |
|
|||
|
|
No support | 35 (73) | ||
|
|
Supported | 13 (27) | ||
|
|
|
Asynchronous (clinician) | 5 (10) | |
|
|
|
Synchronous (digital) | 4 (8) | |
|
|
|
Synchronous (clinician) | 2 (4) | |
|
|
|
Asynchronous and synchronous (peer) | 1 (2) | |
|
|
|
Asynchronous and synchronous (clinician) | 1 (2) | |
| Use |
|
|||
|
|
Once-off | 28 (58) | ||
|
|
Repeated | 20 (42) | ||
| Intervention duration (estimated or average) |
|
|||
|
|
Duration (minutes or hours) | 25 (52) | ||
|
|
|
≤30 minutes | 14 (29) | |
|
|
|
31-90 minutes | 9 (19) | |
|
|
|
91 minutes-4.5 hours | 2 (4) | |
|
|
Duration (weeks) | 16 (33) | ||
|
|
|
1-4 | 9 (19) | |
|
|
|
≥4 | 7 (15) | |
|
|
Duration not specified | 12 (25) | ||
| Theoretical modelsa |
|
|||
|
|
No model mentioned | 16 (33) | ||
|
|
Motivational interviewing | 16 (33) | ||
|
|
Cognitive behavioral therapy | 6 (13) | ||
|
|
Transtheoretical model | 4 (8) | ||
|
|
Theory of planned behavior | 4 (8) | ||
| Intervention delivery |
|
|||
|
|
Outreach (clients had not sought help) | 32 (67) | ||
|
|
|
Social media | 9 (19) | |
|
|
|
Clinician or health service referral | 8 (17) | |
|
|
|
Print marketing (flyers or brochures) | 6 (13) | |
|
|
|
Trial panel (eg, Amazon Mechanical Turk) | 6 (13) | |
|
|
|
Email (student email, newsletters, or from the electronic medical record portal) | 5 (10) | |
|
|
|
Digital marketing (web-based advertisements or media) | 5 (10) | |
|
|
|
Postal screening questionnaire | 4 (8) | |
|
|
|
General practitioner waiting room | 2 (4) | |
|
|
|
Events (community events or school workshops) | 2 (4) | |
|
|
Before target treatment (clients had already sought help) | 12 (25) | ||
|
|
|
Before first use or session | 6 (13) | |
|
|
|
On waiting list for treatment or assessment | 3 (6) | |
|
|
|
During intake | 2 (4) | |
|
|
|
Before intake | 1 (2) | |
|
|
Self-selected (clients were interested in help) | 3 (6) | ||
|
|
|
Downloaded screening app | 1 (2) | |
|
|
|
Via e-mental health portal | 1 (2) | |
|
|
|
Via referral website for clinic | 1 (2) | |
|
|
Unclear | 1 (2) | ||
aOther models used in only 1 or 2 studies: health belief model, acceptance and commitment therapy, self-determination theory, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, screening brief intervention and referral to treatment, motivational enhancement therapy, theory of reasoned action, and extended parallel process model.