Table 2.

Examples of biomarkers involved in neurological disorders. Adapted after [84]

Biomarker	Physiological implications	Pathological effect	Disorder
Amyloid beta	Lipid homeostasis, memory formation, regulation of synaptic activity, neural viability	Oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, neurite damage	Alzheimer’s disease
Tau protein	Promotes microtubules polymerization, stability, and flexibility	Neuronal damage, pro-apoptotic	Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease
Alpha-synuclein	Intervenes in the release of neurotransmitters, modulates DNA repair processes	Synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress, dysregulation of calcium signaling, microtubule impairment	Parkinson’s disease
Chromogranin A	Vasoconstriction, regulation of glucose metabolism and storage, modulator of the neuroendocrine system	Oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal damage	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Micro-RNAs	Nervous system development and function	Microglial activation, increase of proinflammatory cytokine release, and neuron loss	Autist spectrum disorders