Table 4. Assessment of the risk of bias (trials listed alphabetically).
Beerepoot 2011 (15) |
Bruyère 2019 (22) |
Cai
2018 (23) |
Kamalifard 2020 (21) |
Koradia 2019 (24) |
Liu
2019 (14) |
Maki 2016 (16) |
Murina 2021 (25) |
Sengupta 2011 (17) |
Stapleton 2012 (18) |
Takahasi 2013 (19) |
Vostalova 2015 (20) |
Generation of the randomization sequence | |||||||||||
low | low | unclear | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | unclear | low |
Secrecy and unpredictability of group assignment | |||||||||||
unclear | low | unclear | low | low | low | unclear | unclear | low | low | unclear | unclear |
Blinding of trial staff / subjects | |||||||||||
low | unclear | high | low | low | low | low | high | low | low | low | low |
Blinding in endpoint ascertainment and evaluation | |||||||||||
low | unclear | unclear | low | low | unclear | unclear | low | unclear | unclear | unclear | unclear |
Missing endpoint data | |||||||||||
high | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | high | high | low |
Selective reporting of endpoints | |||||||||||
low | low | low | low | low | high | low | low | low | low | low | low |
Other causes of bias | |||||||||||
unclear | high | high | low | high | unclear | high | high | high | unclear | high | low |