Table 1.

Outcomes included in the review.

Outcome	Background and relevance to human health
Diabetes	• Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, or both. Diabetes can result in long-term complications in different organs, in particular, microvascular and macrovascular complications.
	• This review focuses on Type 2 (adult onset) diabetes.
Insulin resistance	• Among study subjects without diabetes, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and a related measure based on the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) are informative regarding future diabetes risk.
	• Dysfunctions in insulin production and action in the peripheral tissues are the key pathways in diabetes etiology.
Gestational diabetes	• Gestational diabetes is another form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. A history of gestational diabetes is a risk factor for subsequent development of diabetes.
	• Definitions of gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are based on measures of blood glucose. All three of these outcomes in pregnant women are reviewed together, separate from the general population.
Obesity	• Excessive body weight, or obesity, is associated with the leading causes of death worldwide, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.
	• Body mass index (BMI) is a screening tool calculated from a person’s weight and height that is moderately correlated with more direct measures of body fat (CDC 2016).
Renal effects	• Kidney function can be assessed by measuring levels of urea, creatinine, and certain dissolved salts in blood and by analyzing protein levels in urine.
	• Albuminuria is a pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine. Albuminuria is considered a significant risk factor for the development of renal disease.
	• Renal disease is a long-term complication of diabetes, obesity, and possibly, insulin resistance independent of those two conditions (Whaley-Connell and Sowers, 2017).
	• Impaired renal function could affect urinary concentration of phthalate metabolites.