Table 1.
Description of included studies in the current meta-analysis.
| First author | Year | Country | Study design | Sample size | Age group* | Sex | Mean hospital LoS | LCL | UCL | Se | Continent° | NOS score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Al Sulaiman et al. [16] | 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Cohort | 560 | 1 | Both genders | 17/00 | -6/19 | 40/19 | 11/83 | 5 | 7 |
| 2 | Rosenthal et al. [17] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 721 | 3 | Both genders | 9/89 | -16/42 | 36/20 | 13/43 | 5 | 7 |
| 3 | Anudeep et al. [18] | 2020 | India | Cohort | 50 | 2 | Both genders | 6/00 | -0/93 | 12/93 | 3/54 | 5 | 6 |
| 4 | Zarzosa et al. [19] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 67 | 1 | Both genders | 14/10 | 6/08 | 22/12 | 4/09 | 2 | 7 |
| 5 | Cai et al. [20] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 149 | 3 | Both genders | 16/80 | 4/84 | 28/76 | 6/10 | 1 | 7 |
| 6 | Chen et al. [21] | 2020 | China | Case cohort | 114 | 1 | Both genders | 19/56 | 9/10 | 30/02 | 5/34 | 1 | 6 |
| 7 | Creel-Bulos et al. [22] | 2020 | Georgia | Cohort | 115 | 1 | Females | 19/00 | 8/49 | 29/51 | 5/36 | 3 | 8 |
| 8 | Daher et al. [23] | 2021 | Germany | Cohort | 18 | 1 | Females | 44/00 | 39/84 | 48/16 | 2/12 | 2 | 8 |
| 9 | Davoudi et al. [24] | 2021 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 153 | 4 | Both genders | 6/30 | -5/82 | 18/42 | 6/18 | 5 | 6 |
| 10 | Deeb et al. [25] | 2021 | UAE | Cohort | 1075 | 2 | Both genders | 6/20 | -25/93 | 38/33 | 16/39 | 5 | 5 |
| 11 | Demir et al. [26] | 2021 | Turkey | Retrospective cohort | 227 | 3 | Both genders | 3/88 | -10/89 | 18/65 | 7/53 | 5 | 7 |
| 12 | Diaz De Teran et al. [27] | 2021 | Spain/Italy | Cohort | 162 | 1 | Males | 17/00 | 4/53 | 29/47 | 6/36 | 2 | 7 |
| 13 | Seon et al. [28] | 2021 | Korea | Cohort | 7969 | Both genders | 26/70 | -60/78 | 114/18 | 44/63 | 1 | 6 | |
| 14 | Xiaofang et al. [29] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 75 | Both genders | 16/10 | 7/61 | 24/59 | 4/33 | 1 | 7 | |
| 15 | Fei et al. [30] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 50 | 1 | Both genders | 11/64 | 4/71 | 18/57 | 3/54 | 3 | 8 |
| 16 | Xie et al. [31] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 3641 | 1 | Both genders | 10/00 | -49/13 | 69/13 | 30/17 | 3 | 7 |
| 17 | Abbasi et al. [32] | 2021 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 37 | 2 | Both genders | 22/37 | 16/41 | 28/33 | 3/04 | 5 | 8 |
| 18 | Alshukry et al. [33] | 2020 | Kuwait | Cohort | 417 | 3 | Both genders | 20/69 | 0/68 | 40/70 | 10/21 | 5 | 5 |
| 19 | Cabanillas et al. [34] | 2020 | Spain | Cohort | 329 | 2 | Both genders | 7/85 | -9/93 | 25/63 | 9/07 | 2 | 6 |
| 20 | Capuzzi et al. [35] | 2021 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 151 | 1 | Both genders | 16/10 | 4/06 | 28/14 | 6/14 | 2 | 6 |
| 21 | Conlon et al. [36] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 27201 | 3 | Both genders | 10/00 | 151/63 | 171/63 | 82/46 | 3 | 7 |
| 22 | Ersöz et al. [37] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 310 | 2 | Both genders | 15/87 | -1/38 | 33/12 | 8/80 | 5 | 8 |
| 23 | Gharebaghi et al. [38] | 2021 | Iran | Cross-sectional | 215 | 2 | Both genders | 4/91 | -9/46 | 19/28 | 7/33 | 5 | 6 |
| 24 | Ipekci et al. [39] | 2020 | Turkey | Cohort | 51 | 2 | Both genders | 10/49 | 3/49 | 17/49 | 3/57 | 5 | 7 |
| 25 | Lenka et al. [40] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 32 | 1 | Both genders | 14/80 | 9/26 | 20/34 | 2/83 | 3 | 6 |
| 26 | Liu et al. [41] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 178 | 3 | Both genders | 32/40 | 19/33 | 45/47 | 6/67 | 1 | 7 |
| 27 | Lu et al. [42] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 28 | 2 | Both genders | 14/96 | 9/77 | 20/15 | 2/65 | 1 | 7 |
| 28 | Li et al. [43] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 54 | 1 | Both genders | 21/40 | 14/20 | 28/60 | 3/67 | 1 | 7 |
| 28.1 | Li et al. [43] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 54 | 1 | Both genders | 29/30 | 22/10 | 36/50 | 3/67 | 1 | 7 |
| 29 | Li et al. [44] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 57 | 2 | Both genders | 11/20 | 3/80 | 18/60 | 3/77 | 1 | 8 |
| 30 | Omrani-Nava et al. [45] | 2020 | Iran | Case-Control | 279 | 2 | Both genders | 6/00 | 10/37 | 22/37 | 8/35 | 5 | 7 |
| 31 | Payandemehr et al. [46] | 2020 | Iran | RCT | 20 | 2 | Both genders | 6/75 | 2/37 | 11/13 | 2/24 | 5 | 8 |
| 32 | Saying et al. [47] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 349 | 2 | Both genders | 9/70 | -8/61 | 28/01 | 9/34 | 5 | 8 |
| 33 | Velayos et al. [48] | 2020 | Spain | Cohort | 66 | 4 | Both genders | 5/60 | -2/36 | 13/56 | 4/06 | 2 | 7 |
| 34 | Wu et al. [49] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 6055 | 1 | Both genders | 3/90 | 72/36 | 80/16 | 38/91 | 1 | 7 |
| 35 | Yasin et al. [50] | 2021 | Egypt | Cohort | 210 | 3 | Both genders | 8/56 | -5/64 | 22/76 | 7/25 | 6 | 7 |
| 36 | Yuan, et al. [51] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 94 | 3 | Both genders | 14/28 | 4/78 | 23/78 | 4/85 | 1 | 6 |
| 37 | Zhan, et al. [52] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 476 | 1 | Both genders | 27/76 | 6/38 | 49/14 | 10/91 | 1 | 6 |
| 38 | Tan et al. [53] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 227 | 2 | Both genders | 22/40 | 4/52 | 40/28 | 9/12 | 1 | 6 |
| 38.1 | Tan et al. [53] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 15 | 2 | Both genders | 27/33 | 24/49 | 30/17 | 1/45 | 1 | 7 |
| 38.2 | Tan et al. [53] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 8 | 2 | Both genders | 14/50 | 7/18 | 21/82 | 3/74 | 1 | 6 |
| 38.3 | Tan et al. [53] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 14 | 2 | Both genders | 22/29 | 18/47 | 26/11 | 1/95 | 1 | 7 |
| 38.4 | Tan et al. [53] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 19 | 2 | Both genders | 13/42 | 11/54 | 15/30 | 0/96 | 1 | 8 |
| 39 | Jiang et al. [54] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 131 | 2 | Both genders | 16/60 | 5/38 | 27/82 | 5/72 | 1 | 7 |
| 40 | M et al. [55] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 72 | 1 | Both genders | 19/50 | 11/18 | 27/82 | 4/24 | 1 | 8 |
| 41 | Mallow et al. [56] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 21,676 | 1 | Both genders | 8/90 | 135/38 | 153/18 | 73/61 | 3 | 7 |
| 42 | de Moura et al. [57] | 2020 | Brazil | Cohort | 400 | 2 | Both genders | 14/15 | -5/45 | 33/75 | 10 | 4 | 7 |
| 43 | Gupta et al. [58] | 2020 | India | Cohort | 200 | 3 | Both genders | 11/17 | -2/69 | 25/03 | 7/07 | 5 | 7 |
| 44 | Özyılmaz et al. [59] | 2020 | Turkey | Cohort | 105 | 3 | Both genders | 11/12 | 1/08 | 21/16 | 5/12 | 5 | 7 |
| 45 | Parry et al. [60] | 2020 | India | Cohort | 61 | 3 | Both genders | 18/46 | 10/81 | 26/11 | 3/91 | 5 | 8 |
| 46 | Rahim et al. [61] | 2020 | Pakistan | Cross-sectional | 204 | 2 | Both genders | 6/20 | -7/80 | 20/20 | 7/14 | 5 | 8 |
| 47 | Rosenthal et al. [62] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 35,302 | 1 | Both genders | 7/74 | -176/39 | 191/87 | 93/94 | 3 | 6 |
| 48 | Sardiña-González et al. [63] | 2020 | Spain | Cohort | 18 | 1 | Both genders | 9/40 | 5/24 | 13/56 | 2/12 | 2 | 6 |
| 49 | Shi et al. [64] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 184 | 3 | Both genders | 17/30 | 4/01 | 30/59 | 6/78 | 1 | 6 |
| 50 | Sun et al. [65] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 217 | 3 | Both genders | 17/90 | 3/46 | 32/34 | 7/37 | 1 | 7 |
| 51 | Teich et al. [66] | 2020 | Brazil | Cohort | 510 | 4 | Both genders | 9/00 | -13/13 | 31/13 | 11/29 | 4 | 7 |
| 52 | Turcotte et al. [67] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 117 | 1 | Both genders | 11/80 | 1/20 | 22/40 | 5/41 | 3 | 6 |
| 53 | UlHaq et al. [68] | 2020 | Pakistan | Cohort | 179 | 3 | Both genders | 8/20 | -4/91 | 21/31 | 6/69 | 5 | 7 |
| 54 | Abi Fadel et al. 69] | 2020 | USA | Cross-sectional | 495 | 1 | Both genders | 13/90 | -7/90 | 35/70 | 11/12 | 3 | 6 |
| 55 | Erturk et al. [70] | 2020 | Turkey | Cohort | 262 | 2 | Both genders | 8/34 | -7/52 | 24/20 | 8/09 | 5 | 7 |
| 56 | Vernaz-Hegi et al. [71] | 2020 | Switzerland | Cohort | 840 | 1 | Both genders | 10/38 | -18/02 | 38/78 | 14/49 | 2 | 6 |
| 57 | Wagner et al. [72] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 99 | 2 | Both genders | 32/61 | 22/86 | 42/36 | 4/97 | 3 | 6 |
| 58 | Wu et al. [73] | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional | 80 | 3 | Both genders | 8/00 | -0/77 | 16/77 | 4/47 | 1 | 7 |
| 59 | Wu et al. [8] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 58 | 2 | Both genders | 10/30 | 2/84 | 17/76 | 3/81 | 1 | 7 |
| 60 | Xie et al. [74] | 2020 | China | Case-control | 25 | 2 | Both genders | 21/20 | 16/30 | 26/10 | 2/50 | 1 | 7 |
| 61 | Yuan et al. [75] | 2020 | Switzerland | Cohort | 94 | 3 | Both genders | 14/28 | 4/78 | 23/78 | 4/85 | 2 | 7 |
| 62 | Zhang et al. [76] | 2020 | china | Cohort | 420 | 2 | Both genders | 17/80 | -2/28 | 37/88 | 10/25 | 1 | 8 |
| 63 | Egol et al. [77] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 17 | 1 | Both genders | 9/80 | 5/76 | 13/84 | 2/06 | 3 | 7 |
| 64 | Del Giorno et al. [78] | 2020 | Switzerland | Cohort | 90 | 1 | Both genders | 16/40 | 7/10 | 25/70 | 4/74 | 2 | 8 |
| 65 | Cengiz et al. [79] | 2020 | Turkey | Cohort | 30 | 2 | Both genders | 10/40 | 5/03 | 15/77 | 2/74 | 5 | 8 |
| 66 | Ayaz et al. [80] | 2020 | Pakistan | Cohort | 66 | 2 | Both genders | 8/30 | 0/34 | 16/26 | 4/06 | 5 | 8 |
| 67 | Battaglini et al. [81] | 2020 | Italy | Cohort | 94 | 1 | Both genders | 28/10 | 18/60 | 37/60 | 4/85 | 2 | 7 |
| 68 | Ar Bhuyan et al. [82] | 2020 | Bangladesh | Cohort | 33 | 4 | Both genders | 14/50 | 8/87 | 20/13 | 2/87 | 5 | 6 |
| 69 | Agrupis et al. [83] | 2021 | Philippines | Cohort | 500 | 3 | Both genders | 12/00 | -9/91 | 33/91 | 11/18 | 1 | 6 |
| 70 | Almas et al. [84] | 2021 | Pakistan | Cohort | 699 | 2 | Both genders | 7/26 | -18/65 | 33/17 | 13/22 | 5 | 8 |
| 71 | Arslan et al. [85] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 413 | 2 | Both genders | 9/30 | -10/62 | 29/22 | 10/16 | 5 | 7 |
| 72 | Banwait et al. [86] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 2726 | 1 | Both genders | 9/53 | -41/64 | 60/70 | 26/11 | 3 | 9 |
| 73 | Beatty et al. [87] | 2021 | Ireland | Cohort | 575 | Both genders | 17/70 | -5/80 | 41/20 | 11/99 | 2 | 7 | |
| 74 | Dagher et al. [88] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 310 | 1 | Both genders | 6/14 | -11/11 | 23/39 | 8/80 | 3 | 7 |
| 75 | Ersöz et al. [89] | 2021 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 310 | 2 | Both genders | 15/87 | -1/38 | 33/12 | 8/80 | 5 | 7 |
| 76 | Zhan et al. [90] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 180 | Both genders | 18/60 | 5/45 | 31/75 | 6/71 | 1 | 8 | |
| 77 | Yoon et al. [91] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 13 | 2 | Both genders | 9/00 | 5/47 | 12/53 | 1/80 | 3 | 6 |
| 78 | Yesilkaya et al. [92] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 10 | 1 | Both genders | 14/50 | 11/40 | 17/60 | 1/58 | 5 | 6 |
| 79 | Yeates et al. [93] | 2021 | USA | Cross-sectional | 110,223 | Both genders | 12/10 | -313/26 | 337/46 | 166/00 | 3 | 7 | |
| 80 | Xiong et al. [94] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 75 | 2 | Both genders | 21/05 | 12/56 | 29/54 | 4/33 | 1 | 5 |
| 81 | Vranis et al. [95] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 39 | 2 | Both genders | 20/90 | 14/78 | 27/02 | 3/12 | 3 | 7 |
| 82 | Villamañán et al. [96] | 2021 | Spain | Cross-sectional | 327 | 1 | Both genders | 13/20 | -4/52 | 30/92 | 9/04 | 2 | 7 |
| 83 | Varela Rodríguez et al. [97] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 188 | 1 | Both genders | 5/00 | -8/44 | 18/44 | 6/86 | 2 | 7 |
| 84 | Ferry et al. [98] | 2021 | Australia | Cohort | 223 | 3 | Both genders | 3/50 | -11/13 | 18/13 | 7/47 | 1 | 7 |
| 85 | Valverde-López et al. [99] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 178 | 1 | Both genders | 8/10 | -4/97 | 21/17 | 6/67 | 2 | 7 |
| 86 | Spoldi et al. [100] | 2021 | Italy | Cross-sectional | 63 | 1 | Both genders | 12/00 | 4/22 | 19/78 | 3/97 | 2 | 8 |
| 87 | Soares et al. [101] | 2021 | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 46 | 2 | Both genders | 22/70 | 16/05 | 29/35 | 3/39 | 4 | 7 |
| 88 | Sikkema et al. [102] | 2021 | Netherlands | Cohort | 382 | 1 | Both genders | 22/50 | 3/35 | 41/65 | 9/77 | 2 | 7 |
| 89 | Rubio-Gracia et al. [103] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 130 | 2 | Both genders | 8/00 | -3/17 | 19/17 | 5/70 | 2 | 6 |
| 90 | Di Fusco et al. [104] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 173,942 | 1 | Both genders | 8/30 | -400/42 | 417/02 | 208/53 | 3 | 6 |
| 91 | Ronan et al. [105] | 2021 | Ireland | Case-control | 19 | Both genders | 6/08 | 1/81 | 10/35 | 2/18 | 2 | 5 | |
| 92 | Rojas-Marte et al. [106] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 398 | 1 | Both genders | 19/10 | -0/45 | 38/65 | 9/97 | 3 | 6 |
| 93 | Ramos et al. [107] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 936 | 1 | Both genders | 17/30 | -12/68 | 47/28 | 15/30 | 2 | 7 |
| 94 | Aghajani et al. [108] | 2021 | Iran | Cohort | 991 | 1 | Both genders | 6/00 | -24/85 | 36/85 | 15/74 | 5 | 6 |
| 95 | Groah et al. [109] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 82 | 2 | Both genders | 16/40 | 7/53 | 25/27 | 4/53 | 3 | 7 |
| 96 | Oliveira et al. [110] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 98 | 1 | Both genders | 8/30 | -1/40 | 18/00 | 4/95 | 3 | 7 |
| 97 | Martínez-Urbistondoet al.[111] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 165 | 1 | Both genders | 14/00 | 1/41 | 26/59 | 6/42 | 2 | 7 |
| 98 | Marmarchi et al. [112] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 288 | 1 | Both genders | 18/00 | 1/37 | 34/63 | 8/49 | 3 | 7 |
| 99 | He et al. [113] | 2021 | China | Cross-sectional | 2702 | 2 | Both genders | 17/88 | -33/06 | 68/82 | 25/99 | 1 | 8 |
| 100 | Yousef et al. [114] | 2021 | India | Cohort | 57 | 1 | Both genders | 10/54 | 3/14 | 17/94 | 3/77 | 5 | 7 |
| 101 | Majeed et al. [115] | 2021 | Pakistan | Cohort | 75 | 2 | Both genders | 11/40 | 2/91 | 19/89 | 4/33 | 5 | 7 |
| 102 | Mader et al. [116] | 2021 | Germany | Cohort | 50 | 2 | Both genders | 17/22 | 10/29 | 24/15 | 3/54 | 2 | 8 |
| 103 | Ahlström et al. [117] | 2021 | Sweden | Cohort | 9905 | 1 | Both genders | 10/50 | -87/03 | 108/03 | 49/76 | 2 | 8 |
| 104 | Al Sulaiman et al. [16] | 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Cohort | 560 | 1 | Both genders | 10/00 | -13/19 | 33/19 | 11/83 | 5 | 7 |
| 105 | Alamdari et al. [118] | 2020 | Iran | Cohort | 83 | 1 | Both genders | 11/00 | 2/07 | 19/93 | 4/56 | 5 | 8 |
| 106 | Aldhaeefi et al. [119] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 315 | 1 | Both genders | 12/00 | -5/39 | 29/39 | 8/87 | 3 | 6 |
| 107 | Andrade et al. [120] | 2021 | USA | Case control | 189 | 1 | Male | 7/00 | -6/47 | 20/47 | 6/87 | 3 | 7 |
| 108 | Bonnet et al. [121] | 2021 | France | Case-control | 138 | 2 | Both genders | 12/50 | 0/99 | 24/01 | 5/87 | 2 | 8 |
| 109 | Bozan et al. [122] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 263 | 1 | Both genders | 12/60 | -3/29 | 28/49 | 8/11 | 5 | 7 |
| 110 | Breik et al. [123] | 2020 | USA | Cohort | 164 | 2 | Both genders | 12/00 | -0/55 | 24/55 | 6/40 | 3 | 7 |
| 111 | Cai et al. [124] | 2020 | China | Cohort | 149 | 1 | Both genders | 16/18 | 4/22 | 28/14 | 6/10 | 1 | 7 |
| 112 | Creel-Bulo et al. [22] | 2020 | Georgia | Cohort | 115 | 2 | Both genders | 19/00 | 8/49 | 29/51 | 5/36 | 2 | 7 |
| 113 | Jaiswal et al. [125] | 2021 | United Arab Emirates | Cohort | 14 | 2 | Both genders | 35/64 | 31/97 | 39/31 | 1/87 | 5 | 7 |
| 114 | Zhang et al. [126] | 2021 | China | Cohort | 420 | 2 | Both genders | 17/80 | -2/28 | 37/88 | 10/25 | 1 | 6 |
| 115 | Charoenngam et al. [127] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 1427 | 1 | Both genders | 8/10 | -28/92 | 45/12 | 18/89 | 3 | 8 |
| 116 | Xu et al. [128] | 2020 | New York | Cohort | 101 | 2 | Both genders | 13/00 | 3/15 | 22/85 | 5/02 | 3 | 7 |
| 117 | Sarpong et al. [129] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 405 | 2 | Both genders | 8/90 | -10/82 | 28/62 | 10/06 | 3 | 7 |
| 118 | Özçelik Korkmaz et al. [130] | 2021 | Turkey | Cohort | 116 | 1 | Both genders | 14/36 | 0/01 | 28/00 | 5/39 | 5 | 9 |
| 119 | Hittesdorf et al. [131] | 2021 | USA | Cohort | 116 | 1 | Both genders | 53/80 | 43/25 | 64/35 | 5/39 | 3 | 7 |
| 120 | Diez-Quevedo et al. [132] | 2021 | Spain | Cohort | 2150 | 2 | Both genders | 14/00 | -31/44 | 59/44 | 23/18 | 2 | 9 |
| 121 | Forsblom et al. [133] | 2021 | Finland | Cohort | 585 | Both genders | 10/00 | -13/70 | 33/70 | 12/09 | 2 | 9 |
*Age group: 1 = <40, 2= 40-50, 3 = 50-60, 4 = >60; °Continent: 1 = East Asia, 2= Europe, 3 = North America, 4 = South America, 5 = West Asia, 6 = Africa.