Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the included studies on malaria and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in adults
| No. | Year of publication | Country/region | Study design | No. of HIV-positive patients | No. of malaria-positive patients | Laboratory diagnostic method | Quality assessment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2001 | Uganda | Case–control | 65 | 14 | Blood smear and ELISA | 7/10 | [38] |
| 2 | 2002 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 91 | 23 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [39] |
| 3 | 2005 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 490 | 103 | Serology | 6/8 | [40] |
| 4 | 2005 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 83 | 12 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [41] |
| 5 | 2006 | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 660 | 325 | Blood smear and serology | 7/8 | [42] |
| 6 | 2007 | Nigeria | Cross-Sectional | 81 | 72 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [43] |
| 7 | 2007 | Nigeria | Prospective study | 149 | 28 | RDT | 7/11 | [44] |
| 8 | 2008 | Cameron | Prospective cohort | 258 | 201 | Blood smear | 6/11 | [45] |
| 9 | 2009 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 560 | 476 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [46] |
| 10 | 2011 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 300 | 79 | RDT | 6/8 | [47] |
| 11 | 2012 | India | Cohort | 460 | 45 | PCR | 7/11 | [48] |
| 12 | 2012 | Cameroon | Cross-sectional | 312 | 7 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [49] |
| 13 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 285 | 6 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [50] |
| 14 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2000 | 87 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [51] |
| 15 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 1080 | 343 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [52] |
| 16 | 2012 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 97 | 24 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [53] |
| 17 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 65 | 31 | Blood Smear and ELISA | 6/8 | [54] |
| 18 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cohort | 317 | 31 | Blood smear and PCR | 7/11 | [55] |
| 19 | 2013 | Ethiopia | Retrospective | 377 | 73 | Blood smear | 9/11 | [56] |
| 20 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 342 | 254 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [57] |
| 21 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 387 | 74 | RDT and blood smear | 8/8 | [58] |
| 22 | 2013 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 933 | 15 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [59] |
| 23 | 2013 | Nigeria | Case–control | 68 | 17 | Blood smear | 8/10 | [60] |
| 24 | 2013 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 363 | 117 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [61] |
| 25 | 2014 | Mozambique | Cross-Sectional | 128 | 70 | Serology and PCR | 6/8 | [62] |
| 26 | 2014 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 200 | 37 | PCR | 7/8 | [63] |
| 27 | 2015 | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 46 | 27 | ELISA and blood Smear | 7/8 | [64] |
| 28 | 2015 | Ethiopia | Cross-Sectional | 1819 | 13 | Blood smear and serology | 6/8 | [65] |
| 29 | 2015 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 160 | 30 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [66] |
| 30 | 2015 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 350 | 159 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [67] |
| 31 | 2015 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 400 | 47 | Blood Smear and serology | 7/8 | [68] |
| 32 | 2016 | Niagara | Cross-sectional | 83 | 53 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [69] |
| 33 | 2016 | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 131 | 26 | LAMP and serology | 7/8 | [70] |
| 34 | 2016 | Cameroon | Cross-sectional | 35 | 6 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [71] |
| 35 | 2016 | Niagara | Cross-sectional | 226 | 56 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [72] |
| 36 | 2017 | Niagara | Case–control | 179 | 61 | PCR and serology | 8/10 | [73] |
| 37 | 2017 | Equatorial Guinea | Cross-sectional | 101 | 14 | Blood smear and ELISA | 8/8 | [74] |
| 38 | 2017 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 528 | 92 | RDT | 8/8 | [75] |
| 39 | 2017 | India | Prospective cohort | 202 | 14 | Blood smear and PCR | 8/11 | [76] |
| 40 | 2017 | India | Prospective cohort | 131 | 8 | Blood smear and PCR | 8/11 | [76] |
| 41 | 2017 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 172 | 86 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [77] |
| 42 | 2017 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 761 | 211 | RDT | 7/8 | [78] |
| 43 | 2017 | Gabon | Cross-sectional | 856 | 61 | Blood smear | 6/8 | [79] |
| 44 | 2018 | Nigeria | Case–control | 35 | 5 | PCR and serology | 6/8 | [80] |
| 45 | 2018 | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 53 | 12 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [81] |
| 46 | 2018 | Niagara | Cross-sectional | 324 | 254 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [82] |
| 47 | 2018 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 200 | 130 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [83] |
| 48 | 2018 | Mozambique | Retrospective | 701 | 232 | RDT | 8/11 | [84] |
| 49 | 2018 | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 466 | 64 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [85] |
| 50 | 2018 | Cameroon | Cross-sectional | 15 | 5 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [86] |
| 51 | 2019 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 262 | 60 | Blood smear | 8/8 | [87] |
| 52 | 2019 | Sudan | Cross-sectional | 70 | 1 | PCR | 6/8 | [88] |
| 53 | 2019 | Cameroon | Cross-sectional | 309 | 24 | Blood Smear | 8/8 | [89] |
| 54 | 2019 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 268 | 116 | Blood smear | 7/8 | [90] |
| 55 | 2020 | Niagara | Retrospective | 1472 | 1101 | n.a | 7/11 | [91] |
| 56 | 2020 | Nigeria | Cross sectional | 94 | 40 | Serology | 8/8 | [92] |
| 57 | 2020 | Malawi | Cohort | 30 | 11 | Blood smear | 8/11 | [93] |
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification, n.a. information not available, RDT rapid diagnostic test