Table 4.
Risk factors associated with malaria infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients
| Risk factors | Categories | No. study | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | I2 (inconsistency), % | Cochran Q | Egger regression test (bias) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | ||||||||
| ART |
Yes No |
2 | 1.3 (0.2–6.6) | 0.7342 | - | 7.3 | - | 0.0069 |
| CD4+ |
< 200 cells/µl ≥ 200 cells/µl |
2 | 1.8 (0.8–3.8) | 0.1195 | - | 1.8 | - | 0.1681 |
| Adults | ||||||||
| Sex |
Male Female |
24 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.1393 | 81.4 (72.9–86.3) | 123.4 | 0.6 | 0.007 |
| Age (years) |
< 40 ≥ 40 |
20 | 1.1 (1 -1.3) | 0.4716 | 53 (10.8–70.6) | 40.3 | 0.04 | 0.0148 |
| ART |
Yes No |
7 | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.0029* | 82.5 (49.5–90.8) | 92.9 | 1.09 | < 0.0001 |
| CD4+ |
< 200 cells/µl ≥ 200 cells/µl |
12 | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 0.0428* | 90.4 (85.7–93.1) | 114.9 | 1.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Education |
Primary level Higher-level |
3 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8935 | 0 (0–72.9) | 0.5 | – | 0.9389 |
| Pregnant women | ||||||||
| Gravidity |
Primigravida Multigravida |
9 | 0.96 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9758 | 38.2 (0–70.2) | 12.9 | 0.2 | 0.7916 |
| ART |
Yes No |
4 | 1.06 (0.7–1.5) | 0.96 | 51.8 (0–82.3) | 6.2 | 0.01 | 0.1012 |
| CD4+ |
< 200 cells/µl ≥ 200 cells/µl |
4 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.7949 | 92.3 (83.2–95.4) | 38.7 | − 5.2 | 0.0012 |
ART Antiretroviral therapy, CD4 Cluster of differentiation 4, CI confidence interval
*Significant association (P = 0.05) with malaria infection