Table 2.
Risk factors for empyema after diaphragmatic trauma. Trauma description
| Variable | Total | Empyema | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| Thoracic AIS | 0.111 | |||
| ≤ 3, n (%) | 190 (81.6) | 179 (83.6) | 11 (57.9) | |
| > 3, n (%) | 43 (18.4) | 35 (16.4) | 8 (42.1) | |
| Abdominal AIS | 0.6702 | |||
| ≤ 3, n (%) | 124 (53.2) | 113 (52.8) | 11 (57.9) | |
| > 3, n (%) | 109 (46.8) | 101 (47.2) | 8 (42.1) | |
| ATI | 0.1991 | |||
| < 15, n (%) | 104 (44.6) | 99 (46.3) | 5 (26.3) | |
| 15–24, n (%) | 61 (26.2) | 55 (25.7) | 6 (31.6) | |
| ≥ 25, n (%) | 68 (29.2) | 60 (28.0) | 8 (42.1) | |
| Organ injured | ||||
| Any hollow viscus, n (%) | 122 (52.4) | 108 (50.5) | 14 (73.7) | 0.0522 |
| Stomach, n (%) | 76 (32.6) | 66 (30.6) | 10 (52.6) | 0.0522 |
| Duodenum, n (%) | 11 (4.7) | 10 (4.7) | 1 (5.2) | 1.0001 |
| Small bowel, n (%) | 46 (19.4) | 41 (19.1) | 5 (26.3) | 0.5461 |
| Colon, n (%) | 62 (26.6) | 56 (26.2) | 6 (31.6) | 0.5951 |
| Liver, n (%) | 68 (29.2) | 63 (29.4) | 5 (26.3) | 1.0001 |
| Spleen, n (%) | 69 (29.6) | 61 (28.5) | 8 (42.1) | 0.2931 |
| Abdominal contamination, n (%) | 0.1671 | |||
| No hollow viscus injured | 111 (47.6) | 106 (49.5) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Perforation. No visible contamination | 36 (15.5) | 32 (15.0) | 4 (21.1) | |
| Contamination of a quadrant | 39 (16.8) | 34 (16.0) | 5 (26.3) | |
| More than one quadrant contamination | 46 (19.8) | 41 (19.2) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Location of the diaphragmatic wound | 0.5221 | |||
| Left, n (%) | 151 (65.1) | 139 (65.2) | 12 (63.2) | |
| Right, n (%) | 69 (29.7) | 64 (30.1) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Bilateral, n (%) | 12 (5.2) | 10 (4.7) | 2 (10.5) | |
| AAST severity of the diaphragmatic trauma | 0.5351 | |||
| < 2 | 26 (11.2) | 25 (11.7) | 1 (5.3) | |
| 2 | 179 (76.8) | 162 (75.7) | 17 (89.4) | |
| > 2 | 28 (12.0) | 27 (12.6) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Laparoscopic treatment | 23 (9.9) | 23 (10.8) | 0 (–) | 0.2301 |
| Thoracic procedure | 0.0261 | |||
| Chest tube | 144 (61.8) | 137 (64.0) | 7 (36.8) | |
| Transdiaphragmatic lavage | 52 (22.3) | 42 (19.6) | 10 (52.6) | |
| Thoracotomy or thoracoscopy | 29 (12.4) | 28 (13.2) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Chest tube + irrigation | 8 (3.4) | 7 (3.3) | 1 (5.3) |
AIS, abbreviated injury scale; ATI, abdominal trauma index; AAST, The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma
1Fisher’s exact test
2Chi2