Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| HL (N = 50) | ILI (N = 50) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.4 ± 3.7 | 72.3 ± 4.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.5 ± 5.4 | 35.7 ± 5.1 |
| n male/n female | 34/16 | 31/19 |
| Race | ||
| White | 27 (54) | 31 (62) |
| Black | 21 (42) | 17 (34) |
| Other | 2 (4) | 2 (4) |
| Ethnic group | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 9 (18) | 9 (18) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 41 (82) | 41 (82) |
| Education | ||
| Less than college degree | 16 (32) | 17 (34) |
| College degree | 20 (40) | 22 (44) |
| Graduate school | 14 (28) | 11 (22) |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 7 (14) | 6 (12) |
| Married | 32 (64) | 31 (62) |
| Divorced | 6 (12) | 6 (12) |
| Widowed | 5 (10) | 7 (14) |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.7 ± 8.7 | 13.8 ± 9.0 |
| HbA1c | ||
| % | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 7.5 ± 1.3 |
| mmol/mol | 55.7 ± 13.4 | 58.2 ± 14.3 |
| Diabetes medication use† | ||
| Oral medications | ||
| Metformin | 31 (62) | 35 (70) |
| Sulfonylureas | 15 (30) | 12 (24) |
| Other oral medications‡ | 13 (26) | 10 (20) |
| Injectable medications | ||
| Insulin | 19 (38) | 20 (40) |
| GLP-1 agonist | 4 (8) | 4 (8) |
| None | 6 (12) | 4 (8) |
| Frailty§ | 39 (78) | 35 (70) |
| Coexisting chronic conditionsǁ | ||
| Hypertension | 42 (84) | 38 (76) |
| Arthritis | 27 (54) | 34 (68) |
| Coronary artery disease/heart failure | 15 (30) | 21 (42) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 (22) | 14 (28) |
| Osteopenia/osteoporosis | 14 (28) | 16 (12) |
| Cancer | 10 (20) | 9 (18) |
| Chronic lung disease | 7 (14) | 13 (26) |
| Thyroid disease | 10 (20) | 10 (20) |
| Stroke | 3 (6) | 6 (12) |
| Chronic medications (other than antidiabetes)† | ||
| Antihypertensive | 42 (84) | 38 (76) |
| Antilipidemic | 40 (80) | 42 (84) |
| Antidepressant | 19 (38) | 16 (32) |
| Antidyspeptic | 15 (30) | 16 (32) |
| Diuretic | 11(22) | 14 (28) |
| Thyroid hormone | 10 (20) | 10 (20) |
| Antiplatelet/anticoagulant | 8 (16) | 12 (24) |
| Bronchodilator | 6 (12) | 8 (16) |
| Other medications | 29 (58) | 22 (44) |
Data are means ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1.
†
Participants may use more than one medication.
‡
Other oral medications include dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones.
§
Score of 18–31 on the modified PPT (score range 0–36) (21).
ǁ
Participants may have more than one coexisting chronic condition.