Table 1.
EDIC participant characteristics at the time of the physical function assessment (2018–2019)
| All | Women | Men | P * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,094 | 522 | 572 | |
| Study design | ||||
| DCCT conventional treatment group | 518 (47.3) | 243 (46.6) | 275 (48.1) | 0.657 |
| DCCT secondary intervention cohort | 545 (49.8) | 256 (49.0) | 289 (50.5) | 0.668 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 59.5 ± 6.8 | 59.0 ± 7.1 | 60.0 ± 6.4 | 0.018 |
| Age <65 years | 854 (78.1) | 410 (78.5) | 444 (77.6) | 0.768 |
| Education | 0.450 | |||
| Graduate school | 276 (25.3) | 130 (25.0) | 146 (25.6) | |
| College graduate | 415 (38.0) | 190 (36.5) | 225 (39.4) | |
| Some college or trade school | 304 (27.8) | 148 (28.4) | 156 (27.3) | |
| Secondary school graduate or less | 97 (8.9) | 53 (10.2) | 44 (7.7) | |
| Employment | 0.088 | |||
| Employed | 760 (69.9) | 353 (67.6) | 407 (72.0) | |
| Retired | 232 (21.3) | 119 (22.8) | 113 (20.0) | |
| Unemployed | 44 (4.0) | 28 (5.4) | 16 (2.8) | |
| Disabled | 51 (4.7) | 22 (4.2) | 29 (5.1) | |
| Nonglycemic characteristics | ||||
| Current smoker | 91 (8.3) | 35 (6.7) | 56 (9.8) | 0.083 |
| Heavy alcohol use (≥27 g/day) | 60 (5.5) | 14 (2.7) | 46 (8.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.8 | 29.1 ± 6.4 | 29.4 ± 5.3 | 0.057 |
| BMI category | 0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 5 (0.5) | 5 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Normal | 263 (24.0) | 147 (28.2) | 116 (20.3) | |
| Overweight | 403 (36.8) | 173 (33.1) | 230 (40.2) | |
| Obese | 423 (38.7) | 197 (37.7) | 226 (39.5) | |
| Total MoCA score† | 26.2 ± 2.6 | 26.5 ± 2.6 | 25.9 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Psychological distress (GSI ≥63) | 86 (8.1) | 41 (8.2) | 45 (8.0) | 0.989 |
| Glycemic characteristics | ||||
| Duration of type 1 diabetes (years) | 37.9 ± 4.9 | 38.1 ± 5.0 | 37.8 ± 4.8 | 0.574 |
| Time-weighted mean DCCT/EDIC HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 0.095 |
| Time-weighted mean DCCT/EDIC HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 62.8 ± 9.8 | 63.3 ± 9.7 | 62.4 ± 9.8 | 0.095 |
| EDIC HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 0.9 | 0.102 |
| EDIC HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 62.6 ± 10.3 | 63.1 ± 10.4 | 62.1 ± 10.3 | 0.102 |
| Current HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Current HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 61.2 ± 12.8 | 62.5 ± 12.9 | 60.0 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Any severe hypoglycemia (≥1 vs. 0 cumulative events)‡ | 546 (50.5) | 255 (49.3) | 291 (51.6) | 0.456 |
| Micro- and macrovascular complications | ||||
| Any nonfatal CVD§ | 172 (15.7) | 73 (14.0) | 99 (17.3) | 0.154 |
| Any PDR | 284 (26.0) | 126 (24.1) | 158 (27.6) | 0.214 |
| Any reduced eGFR | 88 (8.1) | 33 (6.3) | 55 (9.6) | 0.058 |
| Diabetic peripheral neuropathyǁ | 277 (26.9) | 102 (20.9) | 175 (32.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac autonomic neuropathy¶ | 374 (35.5) | 182 (36.6) | 192 (34.4) | 0.493 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%). PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
P values evaluate difference at α = 0.05 level between the N = 522 female and N = 572 male participants. Pearson χ2 test with Yates’ continuity correction is used for binary and categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction is used for continuous variables.
MoCA was assessed in N = 1,049 active participants (n = 495 female, n = 554 male), and mild cognitive impairment was defined as a MoCA score ≤21. n = 58 participants scored ≤21.
Severe hypoglycemia was defined as events leading to coma or seizure documented by self-report for the 3-month period prior to each annual study visit. Cumulative refers to the running sum of all events.
CVD events were considered only if the event occurred before the physical function assessment.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was assessed in N = 1,031 participants (n = 487 female and n = 544 male).
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was assessed in N = 1,055 participants (n = 497 female and n = 558 male).