Table 1.
Subject baseline characteristics by tertiles of remnant-C level
| Total | Low | Middle | High | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 10,196 | n = 3,448 | n = 3,485 | n = 3,263 | P value | |
| Age, years | 62.8 ± 6.6 | 63.4 ± 6.8 | 62.9 ± 6.6 | 61.9 ± 6.4 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.681 | ||||
| Female | 3,928 (38.5) | 1,339 (38.8) | 1,352 (38.8) | 1237 (37.9) | |
| Male | 6,268 (61.5) | 2,109 (61.2) | 2,133 (61.2) | 2026 (62.1) | |
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school | 1,502 (14.7) | 583 (16.9) | 527 (15.1) | 392 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate or GED | 2,692 (26.4) | 926 (26.9) | 898 (25.8) | 868 (26.6) | 0.561 |
| Some college | 3,343 (32.8) | 1,052 (30.5) | 1,144 (32.8) | 1,147 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| College degree or higher | 2,652 (26.0) | 885 (25.7) | 913 (26.2) | 854 (26.2) | 0.852 |
| Living alone | 2,065 (20.7) | 722 (20.9) | 710 (20.4) | 633 (19.4) | 0.284 |
| Depression | 2,412 (23.7) | 650 (18.9) | 836 (24.0) | 926 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| History of CVD | 3,586 (35.2) | 1,171 (34.0) | 1,193 (34.2) | 1,222 (37.5) | 0.004 |
| Duration of hypertension, years | 10.2 ± 9.6 | 9.9 ± 9.4 | 10.4 ± 9.6 | 10.4 ± 9.7 | 0.109 |
| Cigarette-smoking | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 5,925 (58.1) | 1,920 (55.7) | 2,024 (58.1) | 1,981 (60.7) | |
| No | 4,271 (41.9) | 1,528 (44.3) | 1,461 (41.9) | 1,282 (39.3) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.006 | ||||
| Yes | 2,434 (23.9) | 814 (23.6) | 892 (25.6) | 728 (22.3) | |
| No | 7,757 (76.1) | 2,633 (76.4) | 2,590 (74.3) | 2,534 (77.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.2 ± 5.4 | 31.2 ± 5.5 | 32.5 ± 5.4 | 32.9 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | |||||
| Systolic | 136.4 ± 17.1 | 136.8 ± 17.1 | 135.9 ± 17.3 | 136.3 ± 16.9 | 0.082 |
| Diastolic | 74.9 ± 10.7 | 73.9 ± 10.5 | 75.1 ± 10.7 | 75.7 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72.7 ± 11.8 | 72.0 ± 11.7 | 72.2 ± 11.8 | 73.8 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Insulin | 3,565 (35.0) | 1,458 (42.3) | 1,162 (33.3) | 945 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 6,519 (63.9) | 2,070 (60.0) | 2,320 (66.6) | 2,129 (65.3) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 6,468 (63.4) | 2,317 (67.2) | 2,238 (64.2) | 1,913 (58.6) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol absorption inhibitors | 207 (2.0) | 60 (1.7) | 79 (2.3) | 68 (2.1) | 0.288 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 175.2 ± 56.2 | 162.6 ± 53.8 | 173.7 ± 53.6 | 190.2 ± 57.8 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 91.1 ± 27.2 | 92.2 ± 23.6 | 89.7 ± 25.5 | 91.3 ± 32.0 | <0.001 |
| Remnant-C, mg/dL | 36.5 ± 24.4 | 17.8 ± 4.3 | 31.8 ± 4.5 | 61.5 ± 28.1 | <0.001 |
| Plasma concentration | |||||
| TG, mg/dL | 190.1 ± 148.4 | 88.8 ± 21.5 | 158.9 ± 23.4 | 330.6 ± 190.1 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 183.3 ± 41.9 | 168.2 ± 34.9 | 180.4 ± 37.0 | 202.4 ± 46.0 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 104.9 ± 33.9 | 102.6 ± 30.3 | 107.1 ± 33.7 | 105.0 ± 37.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 41.9 ± 11.6 | 47.8 ± 12.8 | 41.5 ± 1.0 | 35.9 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| non–HDL-C, mg/dL | 141.4 ± 41.4 | 120.3 ± 31.1 | 138.9 ± 34.0 | 166.5 ± 44.7 | <0.001 |
| Incident MACEs | 1,815 (17.8) | 552 (16.0) | 599 (17.2) | 664 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| CVD death | 663 (6.5) | 192 (5.6) | 221 (6.3) | 250 (7.7) | 0.002 |
| Nonfatal MI | 932 (9.1) | 267 (7.7) | 302 (8.7) | 363 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Nonfatal stroke | 485 (4.8) | 160 (4.6) | 160 (4.6) | 165 (5.1) | 0.618 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or as n (%). The tertile ranges were low (3–24 mg/dL), middle (25–40 mg/dL), and high (41–474 mg/dL). P value for the test of the difference across tertiles of remnant-C were obtained by using the χ2 test (categorical variables), ANOVA (continuous variables), or Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric comparisons). GED, General Education Development.