Table 3.
Prevalence and population estimates of achievement of stroke prevention strategies (weighted) among U.S. adults with T2D and with stroke history from NHANES 2001–2018
| NHANES wave | Time trend | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001–2002 (N = 36) | 2003–2004 (N = 50) | 2005–2006 (N = 54) | 2007–2008 (N = 75) | 2009–2010 (N = 63) | 2011–2012 (N = 57) | 2013–2014 (N = 58) | 2015–2016 (N = 60) | 2017–2018 (N = 81) | Odds ratio | P | |
| Well-controlled HbA1ca | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 75.7 (50.1, 100.0) | 87.1 (73.2, 100.0) | 83.6 (70.8, 96.3) | 76.1 (63.9, 88.4) | 83.0 (68.3, 97.8) | 63.5 (44.8, 82.3) | 76.1 (51.8, 100.0) | 81.3 (69.4, 93.3) | 89.0 (79.6, 98.3) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.77 |
| Well-controlled BPb | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 40.8 (19.5, 62.0) | 53.8 (25.8, 81.7) | 59.4 (46.1, 72.8) | 62.2 (50.4, 73.9) | 77.6 (67.3, 87.9) | 74.4 (52.7, 96.1) | 78.1 (61.6, 94.6) | 61.7 (39.3, 84.0) | 53.1 (34.4, 71.7) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 0.46 |
| Statin treatment | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 39.4 (23.9, 55.0) | 48.3 (28.7, 67.9) | 55.8 (35.2, 76.5) | 58.6 (42.2, 75.0) | 61.9 (49.2, 74.5) | 60.2 (34.7, 85.7) | 73.3 (63.6, 83.0) | 76.3 (62.1, 90.5) | 62.1 (44.8, 79.4) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) | 0.01 |
| Treatment with aspirin/clopidogrel in patients with 10-year ASCVD risk >10% | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 3.1 (2.0, 4.3) | 20.2 (7.0, 33.3) | 23.0 (5.1, 41.0) | 15.2 (3.8, 26.5) | 37.7 (21.4, 53.9) | 35.9 (7.5, 64.4) | 30.0 (9.4, 50.6) | 21.1 (2.2, 42.0) | 27.4 (10.6, 44.1) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.08 |
| Not smoking | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.5) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 70.4 (47.9, 92.8) | 69.8 (47.4, 92.1) | 87.3 (79.6, 95.0) | 71.7 (50.4, 93.0) | 79.1 (65.4, 92.9) | 73.4 (51.9, 94.8) | 82.5 (64.4, 100.0) | 82.9 (61.0, 100.0) | 72.3 (59.6, 84.9) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | 0.35 |
| Well-controlled BMIc | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 2.5 (0.0, 5.4) | 16.9 (7.0, 26.9) | 6.6 (0.0, 15.3) | 13.4 (3.0, 23.8) | 11.3 (2.0, 20.5) | 16.8 (3.7, 29.8) | 9.2 (0.0, 21.2) | 12.8 (5.5, 20.2) | 13.0 (3.4, 22.7) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) | 0.56 |
| Treatment with ACEI/ARB in patients with hypertension | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 52.8 (15.7, 89.8) | 62.3 (36.6, 88.0) | 63.2 (40.0, 86.5) | 68.6 (54.7, 82.6) | 64.1 (48.8, 79.5) | 58.1 (42.0, 74.2) | 76.0 (66.7, 85.3) | 57.1 (35.0, 79.2) | 61.7 (47.6, 75.8) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 0.49 |
| Treatment with ACEI/ARB in patients with hypertension and albuminuria | |||||||||||
| Million (95% CI) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | ||
| % (95% CI) | 42.4 (0.0, 100.0) | 79.6 (20.7, 100.0) | 85.5 (60.5, 100.0) | 62.5 (44.6, 80.3) | 80.7 (53.9, 100.0) | 61.0 (42.6, 79.5) | 78.8 (50.9, 100.0) | 64.3 (8.0, 100.0) | 74.9 (56.2, 93.6) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 0.72 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.
a
For participants aged 45–64 years, target HbA1c level was <7.0% in the absence of stroke history or <8.0% in the presence of stroke history. For participants aged ≥65 years, target HbA1c level was <7.5% for those without stroke history or <8.0% for those with stroke history.
b
Well-controlled BP was defined as systolic/diastolic BP level <140/90 mmHg.
c
Well-controlled BMI was defined according to BMI target <25 kg/m2.