Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Type 1 diabetes + NAH | Type 1 diabetes + IAH | Type 2 diabetes | Type 2 control subjects | Type 1 control subjects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 26 | 21 | 15 | 16 | 16 |
| Male | 13 (50.0) | 10 (47.6) | 9 (60.0) | 9 (56.3) | 7 (43.8) |
| Age, years | 35.0 [22.3–63.3] | 59.0 [48.5–63.0]* | 62.0 [55.0–68.0]* | 57.0 [52.3–61.8]* | 47.5 [24.5–64.5]** |
| EQF | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.2 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 19.8 ± 15.2 | 25.4 ± 11.3 | 15 ± 7.7‡ | — | — |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 60.6 ± 9.9† | 62.8 ± 10.1† | 63.5 ± 11.2† | 35.6 ± 2.2 | 33.6 ± 3.5 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.7 ± 0.9† | 7.9 ± 0.9† | 8.0 ± 1.0† | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 3.6¶ | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 29.0 ± 4.3¶ | 28.0 ± 4.4¶ | 22.6 ± 2.8 |
| Diabetes complications | 5 (19.2) | 9 (42.9) | 3 (20.0) | ||
| Retinopathy, n | 5 | 7 | 2 | ||
| Neuropathy, n | 3 | 6 | 2 | ||
| Nephropathy, n | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Glucose-lowering medication | |||||
| Oral | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (73.3) | ||
| CSII | 11 (42.3) | 10 (47.6) | 1 (6.7) | ||
| MDI | 15 (57.7) | 11 (52.4) | 14 (93.3) | ||
| Insulin dose, IU/day | 53.6 ± 23.0 | 45.7 ± 23.8 | 71.3 ± 54.6 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median [interquartile range] unless otherwise indicated. CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; MDI, multiple daily injections.
*
P < 0.05 vs. type 1 diabetes + NAH.
**
P < 0.05 vs. type 2 diabetes.
†
P < 0.05 vs. both control groups.
§
P < 0.05 vs. type 1 diabetes + NAH.
‡
P < 0.05 vs. type 1 diabetes + IAH.
¶
P < 0.05 vs. type 1 control subjects.