FIG 2.

Testosterone promotes proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to CVB3. Infected mice were orally inoculated with 5 × 10⁷ PFU of CVB3-Nancy, and serum was collected at 3 dpi. (A) Heat map of the serum levels of the indicated cytokines or chemokines at 3 dpi between CVB3-infected, testosterone-depleted and testosterone-treated male Ifnar^−/− mice. The log₂-fold change was normalized to uninfected mice. (B−E) The serum concentration of indicated cytokines and chemokines from infected mice. The serum concentration for each cytokine is represented by a box and whisker plot. The box represents the 25^th through 75^th percentiles of the data, and the center line in the box represents the median value. The black whiskers mark the 5^th and 95^th percentiles of the data. *, P < 0.05, **, P < 0.01, ***, P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test. (F) Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) analysis of chemokine and cytokine serum concentrations in uninfected (black circles), testosterone-depleted (gray circles), and testosterone-treated (blue circles) male Ifnar^−/− mice. Data are representative of two independent experiments with n = 7 to 11 mice per group.