Table 2.
- Baseline characteristics, laboratory data and clinical outcomes of 467 patients categorised by disease severity in 2022
| Asymptomatic | Symptomatic but did not require oxygen therapy | Required oxygen therapy but did not deteriorate | Clinically deteriorated | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 105 | 151 | 104 | 107 | |
| Age (years) | 41.0 (32.0, 74.0) | 68.0 (40.0, 82.0) | 73.5 (66.5, 80.0) | 74.0 (61.0, 83.0) | <0.001 |
| Male | 44 (42.7%) | 64 (43.2%) | 50 (49.5%) | 62 (58.5%) | 0.042 |
| Fully vaccinated (≥2 doses) | 78 (83.0%) | 127 (84.7%) | 88 (84.6%) | 72 (67.3%) | 0.001 |
| Vaccine type | <0.041 | ||||
| Astra Zeneca (Vaxzevria) | 25 (32.1%) | 53 (43.1%) | 52 (65.0%) | 48 (64.9%) | |
| mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) | 53 (67.9%) | 70 (56.9%) | 28 (35.0%) | 26 (35.1%) | |
| Days from admission to last vaccine | 90.0 (69.0, 104.0) | 93.0 (71.0, 125.0) | 92.0 (63.0, 130.0) | 98.0 (73.0, 145.0) | 0.06 |
| Days from symptom onset to admission | N/A | 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) | 5.0 (2.5, 8.0) | 0.053 |
| COPD | 2 (1.9%) | 6 (4.0%) | 14 (13.5%) | 15 (14.2%) | 0.007 |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 71 (75.5%) | 95 (74.8%) | 52 (56.5%) | 47 (51.1%) | |
| Smoker | 11 (11.7%) | 10 (7.9%) | 10 (10.9%) | 7 (7.6%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 12 (12.8%) | 22 (17.3%) | 30 (32.6%) | 38 (41.3%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (24.4, 30.4) | 28.3 (24.7, 33.3) | 29.1 (25.2, 36.5) | 29.4 (26.3, 34.3) | 0.005 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Venous thromboembolism | 4 (3.9%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.50 |
| Arterial thrombus | 2 (1.9%) | 3 (2.0%) | 12 (11.5%) | 4 (3.7%) | 0.48 |
| Assisted ventilation | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 90 (84.1%) | <0.001 |
| Intensive care unit | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 34 (31.8%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical deterioration | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 107 (100.0%) | <0.001 |
| Death caused by COVID-19 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (28.1%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L), mean (SD) | 133.3 (22.2) | 129.0 (18.8) | 137.0 (18.2) | 132.4 (20.2) | 0.026 |
| Neutrophils (×109/L) | 5.5 (3.9, 7.4) | 4.3 (3.1, 6.3) | 4.9 (3.5, 6.8) | 5.0 (3.4, 7.6) | 0.43 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | <0.001 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 249.5 (202.0, 300.0) | 223.0 (168.0, 286.0) | 195.0 (150.0, 233.0) | 193.0 (147.0, 256.0) | 0.001 |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio | 4.6 (2.4, 8.3) | 4.2 (2.8, 7.8) | 4.8 (3.2, 9.0) | 4.6 (2.9, 8.0) | 0.10 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 68.5 (58.5, 91.0) | 80.0 (59.5, 114.0) | 87.0 (66.5, 115.5) | 92.0 (68.0, 141.0) | 0.09 |
| Ferritin (ug/L) | 152.0 (66.0, 281.0) | 212.0 (82.0, 451.0) | 491.0 (264.0, 907.0) | 576.0 (267.0, 1238.5) | <0.001 |
| LDH (units/L) | 228.0 (187.0, 296.0) | 253.0 (209.0, 330.0) | 312.0 (244.0, 397.0) | 398.0 (284.0, 503.0) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 9.0 (3.0, 26.0) | 18.0 (7.0, 48.0) | 65.0 (23.0, 120.5) | 73.0 (33.0, 130.0) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer (mg/L FEU) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.9) | 0.15 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 5.0 (4.0, 5.8) | 4.1 (3.4, 5.0) | 5.1 (4.4, 7.0) | 5.3 (4.0, 6.7) | 0.10 |
mRNA Messenger RNA, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IHD Ischaemic heart disease, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CCF Congestive cardiac failure, BMI Body mass index, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, CRP C-reactive protein
*All p-values are adjusted for age; boldened values signify p < 0.05
Data are n (%), and median (interquartile range, IQR), unless specified otherwise