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. 2022 Sep 14;12:15451. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18906-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Embryos Exposed to Live SARS-CoV-2 are Susceptible to Infection. Fluorescent signal indicates cells infected with icSARS-CoV-2-mNeonGreen. (A) Four sample blastocysts exposed to the virus. One blastocyst has not initiated hatching and shows no evidence of infection, two blastocysts are at early stages of hatching (one shows evidence of infection in the herniating cells), and one blastocyst is in advanced hatching phase showing high incidence of infected cells. (B) High magnification of blastocyst with high incidence of positive cells, with two panels showing the mNeonGreen channel at different focus depths (z-axis). White arrowheads point to positive herniating cells in hatching blastocysts, pink arrowhead points to positive cells in the zona pellucida compartment of a hatching blastocyst. Representative images from independent biological replicates (n = 19 embryos). icm = inner cell mass. bc = blastocoel cavity. zp = zona pellucida. Scale bar represents 100 µm.