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. 2022 Sep 14;12:15451. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18906-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The Zona Pellucida Might Confer Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. (A) Pie charts indicating the proportion of blastocysts displaying evidence of infection at three separate stages of development (before, during, and after hatching), when exposed to live SARS-CoV-2 expressing a fluorescent reporter (in the presence or absence of control IgG blocking antibody). Non-hatching blastocysts have an intact zona pellucida, hatching blastocysts have some cells herniating out of the zona pellucida opening as well as some cells confined in the zona pellucida compartment, and fully hatched blastocysts have emerged completely out of the zona pellucida. (B) Only example of a non-hatching blastocyst with zona pellucida-encapsulated positive cells (orange arrowhead). (C) Example of a hatching blastocyst with positive cells exclusively in the herniating compartment. (D,E) Examples of hatching blastocysts, with positive cells in the herniating compartment (white arrowheads) as well as in cells proximal to the zona pellucida opening (pink arrowheads). zp = zona pellucida. Scale bars represent 50 µm.