Table 4.
Factors associated with the use of wearables and Internet of Things technology to control diet, weight, and physical activity (n=1070).
| Factors associated with the use of wearables and Internet of Things technology to control diet, weight, and physical activity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | A band or a watch to monitor physical activity | Smart bathroom scale | ||||||
| Simple logistic regression | Multivariable logistic regression | Simple logistic regression | Multivariable logistic regression | |||||
| p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 0.6 | 1.09 (0.82–1.44) | 0.5 | 0.88 (0.63–1.25) | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–29 | <0.001 | 3.27 (2.06–5.18) | <0.001 | 2.60 (1.53–4.39) | 0.5 | 1.17 (0.70–1.95) | ||
| 30–39 | <0.001 | 2.45 (1.52–3.96) | 0.07 | 1.72 (0.96–3.07) | 0.3 | 1.32 (0.79–2.20) | ||
| 40–49 | 0.01 | 1.90 (1.14–3.17) | 0.2 | 1.44 (0.78–2.67) | 0.7 | 0.90 (0.50–1.60) | ||
| 50–59 | 0.01 | 1.92 (1.16–3.18) | 0.06 | 1.73 (0.98–3.06) | 0.8 | 1.08 (0.62–1.87) | ||
| 60+ | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Primary | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Vocational | 0.5 | 1.61 (0.44–5.93) | 0.3 | 0.49 (0.12–2.05) | ||||
| Secondary | 0.2 | 2.19 (0.64–7.46) | 0.6 | 1.35 (0.39–4.65) | ||||
| Higher | 0.2 | 2.23 (0.65–7.61) | 0.8 | 1.18 (0.34–4.07) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | Reference | 0.3 | 1.42 (0.72–2.83) | |||||
| Married | 0.6 | 1.12 (0.66–1.88) | 0.2 | 1.46 (0.78–2.72) | ||||
| Informal relationship | 0.1 | 1.44 (0.91–2.28) | 0.05 | 1.98 (0.99–3.94) | ||||
| Divorced/widowed | 0.7 | 1.12 (0.66–1.88) | Reference | |||||
| Having children | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.6 | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) | 0.5 | 0.90 (0.63–1.27) | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Number of household members | ||||||||
| Living alone | 0.04 | Reference | Reference | 0.8 | 0.93 (0.56–1.54) | |||
| Living with at least one person | 1.64 (1.03–2.61) | 0.7 | 1.11 (0.67–1.85) | Reference | ||||
| Children under 18 years in home | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.25–2.23) | 0.05 | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 0.8 | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | ||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 0.2 | 1.37 (0.84–2.22) | 0.9 | 1.03 (0.59–1.80) | ||||
| City below 20,000 residents | 0.2 | 1.40 (0.79–2.50) | 0.9 | 1.06 (0.54–2.08) | ||||
| City from 20,000 to 99,999 residents | 0.1 | 1.52 (0.91–2.53) | 0.8 | 1.10 (0.60–2.00) | ||||
| City from 100,000 to 499,999 residents | 0.2 | 1.45 (0.86–2.45) | 0.5 | 1.26 (0.69–2.30) | ||||
| City above 500,000 residents | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Active | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.34–2.50) | 0.3 | 1.22 (0.83–1.79) | 0.5 | 1.15 (0.80–1.64) | ||
| Passive | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Self-reported economic status | ||||||||
| Rather good, good or very good | 0.002 | 1.87 (1.25–2.80) | 0.03 | 1.65 (1.07–2.54) | 0.7 | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | ||
| Moderate/difficult to tell | 0.2 | 1.29 (0.86–1.95) | 0.3 | 1.26 (0.82–1.95) | 0.5 | 0.86 (0.55–1.34) | ||
| Rather bad, bad or very good | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Presence of chronic diseases | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.7 | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 0.04 | 1.43 (1.02–2.02) | 0.09 | 1.38 (0.95–2.01) | ||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Self-reported health status | ||||||||
| Rather good, good or very good | 0.9 | 0.99 (0.60–1.64) | 0.3 | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | ||||
| Moderate/difficult to tell | 0.4 | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) | 0.2 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | ||||
| Rather bad, bad or very good | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Having diet | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.004 | 1.55 (1.15–2.10) | 0.1 | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.43–2.89) | 0.2 | 1.26 (0.86–1.86) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Regular weight control | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.36–2.48) | 0.01 | 1.54 (1.10–2.16) | <0.001 | 4.35 (2.78–6.81) | <0.001 | 3.15 (1.96–5.06) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Everyday | <0.001 | 3.43 (1.98–5.93) | 0.006 | 2.28 (1.27–4.09) | <0.001 | 5.95 (2.79–12.68) | <0.001 | 3.91 (1.77–8.66) |
| 3–4 Times per week | <0.001 | 3.17 (1.84–5.45) | 0.03 | 1.90 (1.05–3.42) | <0.001 | 5.99 (2.83–12.67) | <0.001 | 4.17 (1.88–9.29) |
| 1–2 Times per week | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.51–4.44) | 0.2 | 1.50 (0.84–2.69) | 0.002 | 3.43 (1.59–7.39) | 0.06 | 2.20 (0.98–4.96) |
| 2–3 Times per month | 0.007 | 2.44 (1.28–4.65) | 0.2 | 1.57 (0.79–3.09) | 0.01 | 3.20 (1.32–7.76) | 0.07 | 2.40 (0.95–6.06) |
| Once per month | 0.04 | 2.41 (1.05–5.56) | 0.3 | 1.66 (0.69–3.96) | 0.03 | 3.39 (1.14–10.09) | 0.1 | 2.37 (0.76–7.38) |
| Less than once per month | 0.01 | 2.20 (1.21–3.99) | 0.05 | 1.83 (0.99–3.39) | 0.1 | 2.09 (0.87–5.03) | 0.1 | 2.04 (0.83–5.02) |
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Tobacco use | ||||||||
| Daily smoker | 0.7 | 1.06 (0.76–1.49) | 0.3 | 1.24 (0.86–1.79) | 0.9 | 1.03 (0.68–1.54) | ||
| Occassional smoker | 0.02 | 1.81 (1.12–2.92) | 0.2 | 1.38 (0.82–2.33) | 0.6 | 1.18 (0.64–2.17) | ||
| Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Everyday | 0.09 | 1.91 (0.91–4.02) | 0.3 | 1.56 (0.70–3.47) | 0.005 | 3.24 (1.42–7.39) | 0.007 | 3.40 (1.41–8.24) |
| 3–4 Times per week | 0.2 | 1.48 (0.80–2.74) | 0.7 | 1.11 (0.58–2.15) | 0.4 | 1.38 (0.64–2.99) | 0.6 | 1.28 (0.57–2.88) |
| 1–2 Times per week | 0.03 | 1.77 (1.06–2.95) | 0.3 | 1.32 (0.76–2.29) | 0.08 | 1.77 (0.94–3.35) | 0.3 | 1.48 (0.75–2.91) |
| 2–3 Times per month | 0.01 | 1.96 (1.15–3.32) | 0.07 | 1.68 (0.96–2.96) | 0.04 | 1.97 (1.02–3.78) | 0.1 | 1.74 (0.87–3.47) |
| Once per month | 0.3 | 1.38 (0.75–2.55) | 0.6 | 1.18 (0.62–2.26) | 0.04 | 2.09 (1.03–4.26) | 0.07 | 2.01 (0.95–4.26) |
| Less than once per month | 0.3 | 1.33 (0.78–2.28) | 0.4 | 1.26 (0.72–2.22) | 0.8 | 1.08 (0.54–2.15) | 0.9 | 0.96 (0.47–1.98) |
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Having gym/fitness club passes | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.61–3.57) | 0.1 | 1.41 (0.91–2.19) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.58–3.86) | 0.07 | 1.58 (0.97–2.58) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Participation in organized/group sports activities | ||||||||
| Yes | <0.001 | 2.45 (1.64–3.66) | 0.01 | 1.79 (1.15–2.80) | 0.002 | 2.09 (1.31–3.33) | 0.3 | 1.28 (0.77–2.13) |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||