Table 5. Univariable logistic regression analysis: crude odds ratios for associations between symptoms that cannot be explained medically and all exposure variable.
| Exposure variable | Outcome | Non specific symptoms present (% for raw total) | Crude OR | OR 95% CI | Significance (p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | ||||||
| 1 | Age <60 years | Negative | 181 (59.15) | 125 (40.85) | 0.35 | ||
| Positive | 40 (13.07) | 21 (86.93) | 0.76 | 0.43 to 1.35 | |||
| 2 | Sex | Female | 75 (55.97) | 59 (44.03) | 0.21 | ||
| Male | 146 (62.66) | 87 (37.34) | 0.76 | 0.49 to 1.17 | |||
| 3 | Time since snakebite | 1 year | 126 (75.00) | 42 (25.00) | 0.00 | ||
| 4 years | 95 (47.74) | 104 (52.26) | 0.30 | 0.19 to 0.48 | |||
| 4 | Farming | Negative | 70 (72.16) | 27 (27.84) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 147 (55.47) | 118 (44.53) | 2.08 | 1.25 to 3.45 | |||
| 5 | Level of formal education | ≥ O/L | 108 (56.54) | 83 (43.46) | 0.15 | ||
| <O/L | 112 (64.00) | 63 (36.00) | 0.73 | 0.48 to 1.11 | |||
| 6 | Diabetes mellitus | Negative | 205 (61.01) | 131 (38.99) | 0.31 | ||
| Positive | 16 (51.61) | 15 (48.39) | 1.47 | 0.70 to 3.07 | |||
| 7 | Hypertension | Negative | 172 (60.56) | 112 (39.44) | 0.90 | ||
| Positive | 49 (59.76) | 33 (40.24) | 1.03 | 0.63 to 1.71 | |||
| 8 | Pre-existing chronic kidney disease | Negative | 216 (60.50) | 141 (39.50) | 0.51 | ||
| Positive | 5 (50.00) | 5 (50.00) | 1.53 | 0.44 to 5.39 | |||
| 9 | Type of snake | Non-viperid | 90 (82.57) | 19 (17.43) | 0.00 | ||
| Viperid | 131 (50.78) | 127 (49.22) | 4.59 | 2.64 to 7.97 | |||
| 10 | Local envenomation | Negative | 80 (78.43) | 22 (21.57) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 141 (53.21) | 124 (46.79) | 3.20 | 1.88 to 5.43 | |||
| 11 | Coagulopathy | Negative | 164 (68.05) | 77 (31.95) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 57 (45.24) | 69 (54.76) | 2.58 | 1.66 to 4.02 | |||
| 12 | Neurotoxicity | Negative | 164 (65.60) | 86 (34.40) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 57 (48.72) | 60 (51.28) | 2.01 | 1.28 to 3.14 | |||
| 13 | Acute kidney injury | Negative | 212 (61.27) | 134 (38.73) | 0.10 | ||
| Positive | 9 (42.86) | 12 (57.14) | 2.11 | 0.87 to 5.14 | |||
| 14 | Systemic envenomation | Negative | 145 (70.73) | 60 (29.27) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 76 (46.91) | 86 (53.09) | 2.73 | 1.78 to 4.21 | |||
| 15 | AVS administered | Negative | 151 (69.59) | 66 (30.41) | 0.00 | ||
| Positive | 70 (46.67) | 80 (53.33) | 2.61 | 1.70 to 4.03 | |||
| 16 | Anaphylaxis due to AVS | Negative | 202 (62.73) | 120 (37.27) | 0.01 | ||
| Positive | 19 (42.22) | 26 (57.78) | 2.30 | 1.22 to 4.34 | |||
| 17 | Betel chewing | Negative | 156 (63.67) | 89 (36.33) | 0.06 | ||
| Positive | 65 (53.28) | 57 (46.72) | 1.54 | 0.99 to 2.39 | |||
| 18 | Alcohol consumption | Negative | 164 (62.36) | 99 (37.64) | 0.18 | ||
| Positive | 57 (54.81) | 47 (45.19) | 1.37 | 0.86 to 2.16 | |||
| 19 | Smoking | Negative | 182 (62.54) | 109 (37.46) | 0.08 | ||
| Positive | 39 (51.32) | 37 (48.68) | 1.58 | 0.95 to 2.63 | |||
| 20 | No. of days hospitalized | ≥ 5 days | 211 (62.43) | 127 (37.57) | 0.00 | ||
| <5 days | 10 (34.48) | 19 (65.52) | 3.16 | 1.42 to 7.00 | |||
| 21 | Intubation | Negative | 214 (60.28) | 141 (39.72) | 0.89 | ||
| Positive | 7 (58.33) | 5 (41.67) | 1.08 | 0.34 to 3.48 | |||