Table 1.

Summary of approaches of empirical research on collective effervescence.

			Attributes of the scales
Theoretical background	References	Items (examples)	Common emotional experience	Valid for positive and negative affect	Valid for religious and secular rituals and gatherings
Collective gatherings and Homo duplex and related to sacred or transcendent beliefs and values.	Moscovici, 1988/1993; Gabriel et al., 2017, 2020	“I felt as if almost everyone there felt the same emotions” “I felt as if there was a greater purpose to the event”.	X		X
CE as perceived emotional synchrony.	Páez et al., 2015; Wlodarczyk et al., 2020	“We performed as one, like a single person” “We felt stronger emotions than those we normally feel”	X	X	X
CE as emotional entrainment.	von Scheve et al., 2014; Ismer et al., 2017	“How emotionally interested have you been in…?”, “How much you have been carried away by the mood of other fans?”	X		X
CE as intense positive emotions related to social identification.	Novelli et al., 2013; Hopkins et al., 2016	“In the period of pilgrimage, to what extent have you felt alive” “I felt joyful during the demonstration”	X		X
CE related to feeling self-transcendent emotions.	Draper, 2014	“I felt awe, moral inspiration, moved by love of others/closeness or kama muta during the demonstration” “participants felt awe, inspiration and/or a sense of God's presence during religious ceremonies”	X		X

CE, Collective Effervescence. An “X” indicates whether the approach/scale has the indicated attribute for measurement.