Figure 3.

Magnitude of difference in metabolites between Black and White women, and their associations with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). A, The volcano plot highlights 12 metabolites whose levels differed by >1-SD between Black and White women in the WHI-HT (WHI-Hormone Therapy). The x-axis is SD-difference in levels of each metabolite; the y-axis is −log₁₀(false discovery rate [FDR]) for each metabolite. Metabolites with SD-difference ≤1 were highlighted using gray (FDR≥0.05) or blue (FDR<0.05) dots. Red dots highlight metabolites with SD-difference >1 and FDR<0.05. Models were adjusted for age, CHD case-control status, hysterectomy, hormone therapy use, enrollment window, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, family income, physical activity, baseline health conditions, and medication use. B, Associations between metabolites with >1-SD difference and CHD risk in the combined dataset of WHI-OS (WHI-Observational Study) and placebo arms of WHI-HT. CHD cases were matched to controls on age, self-reported race, hysterectomy, and enrollment window. Conditional logistic regression models were adjusted for substudies (OS/estrogen-alone trial/estrogen-plus-progestin trial), body mass index, hormone therapy use status, smoking, diabetes, antihyperglycemic medication use, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, aspirin use, lipid-lowing medication use, and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. FDR for associations between metabolites and CHD risk were estimated for 472 comparisons to test the statistical significance in the whole metabolomics profile in the WHI. CE indicates cholesteryl ester; OR, odds ratio; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; and TAG, triacylglycerol.