Table 2.

Summary of basic studies of CHM.

Prescription	Experimental type	Sample size	Interventions	Main outcomes	References
Dingkun pill	CD1 mice	57	Dingkun pill (DK) group Control group Ovariectomized model group Delayed implantation model group	1. Embryo implantation rate (at 22:00 on D4) : DK-treated group—69% (20/29); control group—28.6% (8/28)	[60]
				2. Relative mRNA level: estrogen-target epithelial genes (Lif, Ltf) and stromal genes (Igf1, Spon2) were more induced in the DK group compared with the control
Ankun Zhongzi Wan	Kunming mice	60	Ankun Zhongzi Wan (AZW) group	1. Pregnancy rate: AZM group—75% (15/20); model group—35% (7/20)	[61]
			Model group	2. ER : AZM group—10.55 ± 5.23; model group—4.31 ± 2.39
			Normal group	3. PR : AZM group—8.73 ± 1.16; model group—2.91 ± 0.78
Bushen Yiqi Huoxue recipe	Wistar rats	60	Bushen Yiqi Huoxue recipe (BYHR) group	1. Pregnancy rate: BYHR group—66.67%; model group—45.45%	[62]
			Progesterone group	2. P : BYHR group—118.98 ± 10.77; model group—73.62 ± 10.24
			Model group	3. PR : BYHR group—0.23 ± 0.025; model group—0.14 ± 0.022
Tiaojing Zhuyun capsule	Kunming mice	48	Tiaojing Zhuyun capsule (TZC) group Model group	1. E2 : TZC group—4.67 ± 1.25; model group—1.33 ± 0.80	[63]
				2. P : TZC group—102.15 ± 45.74; model group—50.18 ± 31.57
				3. ER : TZC group–11.62 ± 3.74; model group—5.26 ± 2.11
				4. PR : TZC group—8.07 ± 1.22; model group—2.76 ± 0.84
Zhuyun I recipe	SD rats	70	Zhuyun I recipe (ZIR) group (7.3 g/kg, 14.6 g/kg) Model group Kidney deficiency and blood stasis group Normal group	1. E2 : ZIR group—21.8 ± 2.73(14.6 g/kg); 19.48 ± 6.05(7.3 g/kg); model group—11.00 ± 3.26	[64]
				2. P : ZIR group—75.41 ± 19.42(14.6 g/kg); 61.80 ± 14.19(7.3 g/kg); model group—39.88 ± 2.83
Bushen Tiaoxue granules	SD rats	113	Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) model group Bushen Tiaoxue granules (BTG) + COH group (0.82 g/kg, 1.64 g/kg, 3.27 g/kg) Kunling Wan (KW) + COH group (0.46 g/kg, 0.91 g/kg, 1.82 g/kg) Control group	1. Pregnancy rate: COH + BTG (0.82 g/kg)—80% (8/10); COH + BTG (1.64 g/kg)—70% (14/20); COH + BTG (3.27 g/kg)—80% (12/15); COH + KW (0.46 g/kg)—92.9% (13/14); COH + KW (0.91 g/kg)—80% (12/15); COH + KW (1.82 g/kg)—80% (8/15)	[66]
Kunling Wan				2. Markers of blood vessels: the fluorescence intensity and the number of VEGFA and CD31‐positive vessels decreased in the COH group, while BTG and KW induced vascularization noticeably compared with the COH group.
Bushen Huoxue recipe	Kunming mice	146	Control group Bushen Huoxue recipe group Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) model group Bushen Huoxue recipe (BSHX) group (5.7 g/kg, 11.4 g/kg, 22.8 g/kg) Bushen recipe group (5.7 g/kg) Huoxue recipe group (5.7 g/kg)	1. Pregnancy rate: BSHXR group (5.7 g/kg)—53.33% (10/27); BSHXR group (11.4 g/kg)—57.86% (19/28); BSHXR group (22.8 g/kg)—53.85% (7/13)	[67]
				2. Markers of blood vessels: HIF1α, VEGFA, and COX2-PGE2 level in the model group was lower than that in the control group, while BSHXR and BSR treatment could improve these levels
Xiaoyao powder	Kunming mice	78	Controlled group COH group Xiaoyao (XYP) powder + COH group	Pregnancy rate: XYP + COH groups—65% (13/20); COH group—40% (8/20); controlled group—85% (17/20)	[68]
Tiaojing Cuyun recipe	Kunming mice	120	Control group Embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) model group Progesterone (Prog) + EID group Tiaojing Cuyun recipe (TJCYR) + EID groups (12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, 48 g/kg)	1. The number of implantation sites: Control group—15; EID group—2; TJCYR + EID (12 g/kg)—2; TJCYR + EID (24 g/kg)—10; TJCYR + EID (48 g/kg)—12	[69]
				2. Pinopodes were well-developed; they were sparse; and they in this group improved significantly following treatment with TJCYR.
Wenshen Yangxue decoction	Wistar rats	100	Control group Model group Wenshen Yangxue decoction (WSYXD) groups (1.3/100 g, 2.6/100 g, 5.2/100 g)	1. Implantation rate: control group—100%; model group—40%; WSYX D (1.3/100g)—40%; WSYXD (2.6/100 g)—50%; WSYSD (2.6/100 g)—70%	[70]
				2. Control and high groups: a large number of pinopodes but little short microvilli on the endometrial surface; middle group: pinopodes existed in only parts of endometrium; low groups: no pinopode, but numerous microvilli can be found
Zhuyun recipe	Kunming mice	139	Control group Ovarian stimulation (OS) model group OS + Zhuyun recipe group (ZYR) Embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) model group EID + Zhuyun recipe group Zhuyun recipe group	1. Pregnancy rate: control group—83.33%; OS model group—6.67%; OS + ZYR group—54.55%; EID model group—18.75%; EID + ZYR group—65.22%	[71]
				2. OS and EID model group: a moderate number of pinopodes without microvilli; OS + ZYR and EID + ZYR group: abundant fully developed pinopodes
Yiqixue Buganshen recipe	Kunming mice	180	Control group Model group Treatment group: Yiqixue Buganshen recipe (YQBSR) Model group: 9.10 ± 0.93; Treatment group: 12.60 ± 0.73	1. Blastocyst implantation: control group—13.70 ± 0.67;	[77]
				2. Integrin ανβ3 expression in the treatment group was higher than in the model group (P < 0.05)
Tokishakuyakusan	Wistar rats	Not clear	Tokishakuyakusan (TSS) group (1%, 3%) Model group Normal group	1. The number of Implantation: 1% TSS group—11.4 ± 1.4; 3% TSS group—14.7 ± 0.8; model group—9.0 ± 2.1	[78]
				2. LIF mRNA levels: model group—0.42 ± 0.05; 3%TSS group—2.40 ± 0.93
Zishen Yutai pills	SD rats	90	Normal group, control group Zishen Yutai pill (ZYP) group	1. Pregnancy rate: control group—40%; ZYP group—70%	[79]
				2. The mRNA and protein expression levels of LIF in the ZYP group were significantly higher than those in the control group
Modified Shoutaiwai recipe	Kunming mice	70	Modified Shoutaiwai recipe (MSTW) group Aspirin group Control group	1. Expression of integrin β3: MSTW group—46.7%; aspirin group—23.3%; control group—0%	[80]
				2. Expression of LIF mRNA : MSTW group—0.9835 ± 0.0059; aspirin group—0.9793 ± 0.0061; control group—0.9670 ± 0.0103
Qiu's Neiyi recipe	ICR mice	45	Model group, danazol group Qiu's Neiyi recipe group (5 g/kg, 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg)	1. Qiu suppressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α	[84]
				2. The expression of these proteins was significantly decreased after being treated with qiu and danazol (P < 0.05).
Modified Danggui Shaoyao powder	SD rats	60	Blank group Model group Gynecological Qianjin capsule group Modified Danggui Shaoyao Powder (MDSP) group (6.48 g/kg , 12.96 g/kg, 25.92 g/kg)	1. NF-κB : model group—0.72 ± 0.23; GQJC group—0.59 ± 0.20; MDSP group (6.48 g/kg)—0.60 ± 0.03; MDSP group (12.96 g/kg)—0.56 ± 0.10; MDSP group (6.48 g/kg)—0.46 ± 0.23	[85]
				2. TGF-β1: model group—2.54 ± 3.88; GQJC group—1.57 ± 1.78; MDSP group (6.48 g/kg)—1.54 ± 1.35; MDSP group (12.96 g/kg)—1.33 ± 1.32; MDSP group (6.48 g/kg)—1.10 ± 1.08
Shaofu Zhuyu decoction	SD rats	46	Control group Model group Estradiol valerate group Shaofu Zhuyu decoction (SZD) group (144 mg/kg, 288 mg/kg)	Embryo implantation rate: model group—33.33%; estradiol valerate group—55.56%; SZD group (144 mg/kg)—44.44%; SZD group (288 mg/kg)—88.89%	[87]
Bushen Tiaochong decoction	SD rats	60	Normal control group; model group; estradiol valerate group; Bushen Tiaochong decoction group (8.525 g/kg, 17.05 g/kg, 34.10 g/kg)	Compared with the model group, the endometrium of each administration group,caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, and their mRNA expression significantly decreased low (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.01)	[88]