Table 3.
Qualitative synthesis of clinical trials from breathing training included in the systematic review
| Author, year | Sample | Interventions (F.I.T.T) | BP at baseline | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| McCaffrey et al., 2005 [29] |
EXP: 10♂ 17♀; 56.7 yrs CTL: 9♂ 18♀; 56.2 yrs |
F: 3 days/wk for 8 wks I: unloading breathing I: 63 min T: Yoga |
SBP 161 ± 10; DBP 98 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP; ↓DBP; ↓HR; ↓BMI |
| Wolff et al. 2013 [30] |
EXP: 8♂ 20♀; 64 ± 10.3 yrs CTL: 11♂ 16♀; 60.8 ± 11 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 12wks I: unloading breathing T: 15 min/day T: Yoga |
SBP 144 ± 14; DBP 88 ± 6 mmHg | ↔ SBP; ↓DBP |
| Wolff et al., 2016 [31] |
EXP: 44♂ 52♀; 64.7 ± 9.2 yrs CTL: 48♂ 47♀; 64.8 ± 7.6 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 12wks I: unloading breathing T:15 min T: Yoga |
SBP 149 ± 12; DBP 88 ± 6 mmHg | ↔ SBP; ↔ DBP; Improved self-rated QOL; PSS and HADS |
| Sujatha and Judie 2014 [32] |
EXP: 55♂ 63♀; 30–60 yrs CTL: 55♂ 65♀; 30–60 yrs |
F: 5 days/wk for 12wks I: unloading breathing T: 30–45 min T: Hatha Yoga |
SBP 153 ± 12; DBP 95 ± 7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓BMI ↓Level of stress and anxiety |
| Schein et al. 2001 [33] |
EXP: 18♂ 14♀; 57.8 ± 9.4 yrs CTL: 13♂ 20♀; 56.5 ± 8 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Device-guided breathing |
SBP 157 ± 14; DBP 97 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
| Viskoper et al. 2003 [34] | EXP: 10♂ 7♀; 66.5 ± 7.6 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing |
SBP 155 ± 10; DBP 89 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR |
| Logtenberg et al. 2007 [35] |
EXP:3♂ 12♀; 62.7 ± 6 yrs CTL: 10♂ 5♀; 61.0 ± 7.5 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Device-guided breathing |
SBP: 154 ± 8; DBP 83 ± 6.7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
| Anderson et al., 2010 [36] |
EXP: 12♂ 8♀; 53.4 ± 2.8 yrs CTL: 9♂ 11♀; 52.9 ± 2.8 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 4 wks I: < 10 breaths/min, and often ≤ 6 breaths/min T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing |
SBP 142 ± 3; DBP 88 ± 2 mmHg | ↓MBP; ↓Breathing rate; ↑Tidal volume; ↓PetCO2; ↓24-h BP |
| Meles, 2004 [18] |
EXP:25♂ 19♀; 57 ± 9 yrs CTL: 15♂ 11♀; 49 ± 12 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Device-guided breathing |
SBP 137 ± 12; DBP 83 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR |
| Rosenthal et al., 2001 [37] | EXP: 7♂ 6♀; 50.5 ± 13.9 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Lowest breathing rate for each user T: 15 min T: Slow breathing training |
SBP 146 ± 15; DBP 85 ± 8 mmHg | ↓SBP; ↓DBP |
| Elliot et al. 2004 [38] |
EXP: 89♀♂;59.5 ± 9.6 yrs CTL: 60♀♂; 58.7 ± 10.5 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min T: Slow breathing training |
SBP 150 ± 8; DBP 85 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and ↔ DBP |
| Schein et al. 2009 [39] |
EXP: 20♂ 13♀; 62 ± 9 yrs CTL: 21♂ 12♀; 63 ± 8 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 15 min/day T: Slow breathing training |
SBP 148 ± 11; DBP 81 ± 9 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
| Grossman et al. 2001 [40] |
EXP: 13 ♂ 5♀; 52 ± 12 yrs CTL: 10♂ 5♀; 50 ± 4 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 10 min T: Slow breathing training |
SBP 160 ± 18; DBP 95 ± 7 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP |
| Ublosakka-Jones et al., 2018 [41] |
EXP: 8♂ 8♀; 66.4 ± 4.2 yrs CTL: 8♂ 8♀; 68.2 ± 4.8 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: 25% MIP and 50% HRR; T: 6 breaths/min for 5 min/session; 60 breaths/day T: Slow breathing training |
SBP 141 ± 7; DBP 70 ± 3 mmHg | ↓SBP and DBP;↓PP; ↓HR bpm; ↑MIP; ↑SVC; ↑IC; ↑CE; ↑AE |
| Jones et al., 2015 [42] |
EXP Loaded: 10♂♀; 51.4 ± 5.3yrs EXP No Load: 10♂♀; 53.4 ± 4.3yrs CTL: 10♂♀; 50.4 ± 5.4 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: IRL of 20 cmH2O I: 30 min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: Unloading breathing I: 30 min T: Slow breathing training |
IRL group: SBP 137 ± 13; DBP 81 ± 8 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 136 ± 13; DBP 80 ± 6 mmHg |
IRL group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓MBP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓MBP |
| Jones et al., 2010 [43] |
EXP Loaded: 4♂ 6♀; 51 ± 5 yrs EXP No Load: 4♂ 6♀; 53 ± 4yrs CTL: 3♂ 7♀; 50 ± 5 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: IRL of 20 cmH2O T: 30 min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 2 sessions/day for 8wks I: Unloading breathing T: 30 min T: Slow breathing training |
IRL group: SBP 142 ± 8.9; DBP 87 ± 5.2 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 141 ± 5.9; DBP 85 ± 4.4 mmHg |
IRL group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓PP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP and DBP; ↓HR; ↓PP |
| Sangthong et al., 2016 [44] |
EXP Load: 4♂ 6♀; 60–70 yrs; EXP No Load: 1♂ 9♀; 60–79 yrs CTL: 3♂ 6♀; 60–74 yrs |
F: 7 days/wk; 30 min/day for 8 wks I: IRL of 18 cmH2O T: 6 breaths/min T: Slow breathing training F: 7 days/wk; 30 min/day for 8 wks I: Unloading breathing T: 6 breaths/min T: Slow breathing training |
IRL group: SBP 144 ± 8.7; DBP 81 ± 6.7 mmHg Unloading breathing group: SBP 141 ± 11.1; DBP 81 ± 6.2 mmHg |
IRL group: ↓SBP; ↔ DBP; ↔ HR; ↓PP Unloading breathing group: ↓SBP; ↔ DBP; ↔ HR; ↓PP |
EXP Experimental group, CTL Control group, BMI Body mass index, PetCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, IRL Inspiratory resistive loading, self-rated QOL World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment, PSS Perceived stress scale, HADS Hospital anxiety and depression scale, wk week, wks weeks, min minutes, yrs years, HRR Heart Rate Reserve, F.I.T.T. Frequency, intensity, time, and type of exercise, BP Blood pressure, SBP Systolic Blood pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, MBP Mean Blood pressure, HR Heart Rate, PP Pulse Pressure, MIP Maximum inspiratory pressure, SVC Slow vital capacity, IC Inspiratory capacity, CE Chest expansion, AE Abdominal expansion
↓: decreased; ↑: increased; ↔ : unchanged