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. 2022 Sep 11;21:241–252. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.015

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Ab/DC@MF presenting T cell stimulatory ligands induce robust T cell tethering and activation. (a–d) Cell movement analysis for 1.5 h of initial T cell seeding with bare MF, DC@MF, or Ab/DC@MF. (a) Representative cell movement tracking (pink). (b) T cell tracks (9 cells, 3 cells/field, 3 image fields) plotted with respect to the MF position (0,0). Cells at the end position are marked with circle. More cells ended up binding onto Ab/DC@MF as compared to the other MF groups. (c) T cell track lengths and (d) velocity (25 cells/field, 3 image fields, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests). (e) Bright-field microscopy images showing initial T cell clustering with Ab/DC@MF within 6 h (scale bar, 100 μm). (f) The number of T cell clusters with bare MF, DC@MF, or Ab/DC@MF (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 versus DC@MF; ++p < 0.01, +++p < 0.0001, and ++++p < 0.0001 versus Bare MF; two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests), (g) T cell cluster size of Ab/DC@MF, and (h) representative bright-field microscopy images of T cell clusters with Ab/DC@MF for 96 h of culture (scale bar, 100 μm).