Fig. 6.

Dichotomy in bio-inspired approaches. If the considered trait is not an adaptation, then the observed trait effect does not represent a working principle but a mere physical phenomenon. Although a successful technical transfer and product is possible, the BID has no further relationships with biology, with consequences for the work program. For example, there will be no “trend of improvement”, because the trait was not shaped by evolution for that effect. In addition, there would be no trade-off problems which are caused by antagonistic functions. If the trait, however, is an adaptation, then the BID project is deeply embedded in biology, and substantial knowledge transfer between biology and BID is to be expected