Table 3.
Summary of studies investigating neuromuscular performance determinants of horizontal deceleration ability
| Study | Subjects | Deceleration task (measurement) | Neuromuscular performance determinants of horizontal deceleration | Magnitude of determinant | Deceleration performance implications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greig and Naylor [111] | 19 male university team sport players | 10-m maximal ACC to reactive DEC to stop (tape measure) | Mean reactive DEC DTS (m) = 5.59 |
Greater eccentric hamstring strength associated with faster reactive DEC ability Greater eccentric hamstring strength required to increase hip extensor torque, control trunk and knee flexion when braking during reactive DEC Greater ability to maintain eccentric hamstring strength at higher joint angular velocities associated with better reactive DEC Greater concentric quadriceps strength at higher joint angular velocities associated with better reactive DEC |
|
| ECC KF PT 60°/s and reactive DEC DTS | r2 = 32% | ||||
| ECC KF PT 60°/s, ECC KF PT fast (180°/s): slow (60°/s) ratio and reactive DEC DTS | r2 = 53% | ||||
| ECC KF PT 60°/s, ECC KF PT fast (180°/s): slow (60°/s) ratio, ECC KF angle of PT 60°/s and reactive DEC DTS | r2 = 62% | ||||
| ECC KF PT 60°/s, ECC KF PT fast (180°/s): slow (60°/s) ratio, ECC KF angle of PT 60°/s, CON KE PT 180°/s and reactive DEC DTS | r2 = 70% | ||||
| Graham-Smith et al. [25] | 9 S&C coaches | Maximal ACC-to-DEC stopping at 5, 10, 15 or 20 m (Laveg Laser, 100 Hz) | Average DEC gradient (m·s−1 per m): − 0.74 (range: − 0.55 to − 0.90) |
Greater eccentric quadriceps and hamstring strength associated with better DEC ability Low shared variance (21–28%) between eccentric quadriceps strength and DEC ability highlights importance of other factors, such as technical ability to apply braking force |
|
| % Vmax: 5 m = 54, 10 m = 72, 15 m = 83, 20 m = 89 | |||||
| DEC DTS (m): 5 m = 2.9, 10 m = 4.9, 15 m = 6.6, 20 m = 7.9 | |||||
| ECC KE PT 60°/s and average DEC gradient | r = − 0.53 (L) | ||||
| ECC KF PT 60°/s and average DEC gradient | r = − 0.47 (M) | ||||
| Harper et al. [107] | 14 male English academy soccer players | 20-m maximal ACC to DEC followed by backpedal (2D digital camera, 50 Hz) | ECC KE PT at 60°/s DL and DEC TTS and DTS | r = − 0.54 to − 0.63 (L) |
Greater unilateral eccentric quadriceps strength at slower joint angular velocities associated with better DEC ability (i.e. distance and time to stop) Greater unilateral concentric quadriceps and hamstring strength at faster knee joint angular velocities associated with better DEC ability (i.e. less distance and time to stop) |
| ECC KE PT at 60°/s NDL and DEC TTS and DTS | r = − 0.55 to − 0.64 (L) | ||||
| CON KE PT at 180°/s DL and DEC TTS and DTS | r = − 0.54 to − 0.55 (L) | ||||
| CON KE PT at 180°/s NDL and DEC TTS and DTS | r = − 0.64 to − 0.76 (L-VL) | ||||
| CON KF PT at 180°/s DL and DEC DTS | r = − 0.54 (L) | ||||
| CON KF PT at 180°/s NDL and DEC TTS and DTS | r = − 0.61 to − 0.78 (L-VL) | ||||
| Harper et al. [73] | 27 male university team sport players | 20-m maximal ACC to DEC followed by backpedal (Stalker Radar, 47 Hz) | CMJ CON peak force (N/kg−1): high DEC = 26, low DEC = 24 | ES = 0.95 (L) |
Players with better DEC ability can generate higher concentric forces during CMJ Players with better DEC ability can generate higher eccentric peak forces during DEC phase of CMJ Players who can generate higher horizontal braking impulse (i.e. reduce momentum faster) can generate higher eccentric and concentric peak velocities during CMJ than players with low horizontal braking impulse |
| CMJ CON mean force (N/kg−1): high DEC = 20, low DEC = 19 | ES = 0.91 (L) | ||||
| CMJ ECC peak force (N/kg−1): high DEC = 25, low DEC = 23 | ES = 0.72 (M) | ||||
| CMJ ECC-DEC RFD (N.s/kg−1): high DEC = 99, low DEC = 81 | ES = 0.58 (M) | ||||
| CMJ CON peak velocity (m·s−1): high HBI = 2.8, low HBI = 2.5 | ES = 1.15 (L) | ||||
| CMJ ECC peak velocity (m·s−1): high HBI = − 1.3, low HBI: − 1.1 | ES = − 1.00 (L) | ||||
| Harper et al. [78] | 29 university team sport players (23 were male and 6 were female) | 20-m maximal ACC to DEC followed by backpedal (Stalker Radar (47 Hz) | DJ20 and DJ40 RSI and average DEC | r = − 0.61 (L) |
Players with greater DJ-RSI demonstrate superior DEC ability Greater DJ concentric mean force associated with better DEC ability; however, DJ40 eccentric peak force significantly associated with DJ concentric mean force Greater DJ-RSI associated with better early DEC ability, meaning these players can brake quicker in the initial steps of DEC Players who can brake early have better overall DEC ability |
| DJ20 and DJ40 CON mean force and average DEC | r = − 0.65 to − 0.67 (L) | ||||
| DJ20 and DJ40 RSI and early DEC phase | r = − 0.62 to − 0.65 (L) | ||||
| DJ20 and DJ40 CON mean force and early DEC phase | r = − 0.54 to − 0.66 (L) | ||||
| DJ40 ECC mean force and DJ20 and DJ40 CON mean force | r = 0.64 to 0.77 (L-VL) | ||||
| Average early DEC phase and average DEC | r = 0.93 (AP) | ||||
| Jones et al. [91] | 18 female soccer players | 505Tra COD test (Qualisys 3D motion camera, 240 Hz) | Mean approach velocity = 3.88 m·s−1 |
Players with greater eccentric quadriceps strength can DEC more rapidly in PFC prior to COD, permitting faster approach velocities Players with greater eccentric quadriceps strength can approach COD at higher velocities because of ability to generate higher braking forces Greater eccentric quadriceps strength associated with ability to generate higher peak and mean horizontal braking forces, enabling more rapid DEC prior to COD |
|
| ECC KE PT 60°/s and approach velocity | r = 0.72 (VL) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and Δ in velocity PFC | r = − 0.56 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and Δ in velocity PFC to FFC | r = − 0.44 (M) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and Δ in velocity PFC: strong = − 1.55, weak = − 1.37 | ES = − 0.94 (M) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and peak PFC HBF: strong = − 2.16, weak = − 1.77 | ES = − 1.0 (M) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and mean PFC HBF: strong = − 0.53, weak = − 0.45 | ES = − 1.2 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT and PFC peak hip extensor moment: strong = − 3.57, weak = − 2.90 | ES = − 0.95 (M) | ||||
| Zhang et al. [108] | 14 French national female soccer players | 20-m maximal ACC to DEC followed by backpedal (Stalker Radar, 47 Hz) | ECC KE PT at 30°/s NDL and average HBF | r = − 0.71 (VL) |
Maximal unilateral ECC quadriceps torque at slower joint angular velocities in NDL has strongest association with average horizontal force, power and impulse during a rapid DEC, demonstrating importance of training interventions to enhance this quality Ability to generate quadriceps ECC torque rapidly in NDL important for enhancing horizontal force, power and impulse during rapid DEC Concentric quadriceps PT in NDL at slower joint angular velocities associated with greater horizontal braking force and impulse during rapid DEC Concentric quadriceps PT in DL and NDL at faster joint angular velocities associated with greater maximal HBP during rapid DEC Ability to generate high rates of torque development in CON quadriceps and hamstrings potentially important for lower limb stiffness, dynamic knee joint control and force attenuation during rapid DEC |
| CON KE PT at 60°/s NDL and average HBF | r = − 0.54 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE RTD100 DL and average HBF | r = − 0.54 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT at 30°/s NDL and average HBP | r = − 0.70 (VL) | ||||
| ECC KE RTD100 DL and average HBP | r = − 0.63 (L) | ||||
| CON KE PT at 60°/s NDL and average HBI | r = − 0.55 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT at 30°/s NDL and average HBI | r = − 0.68 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE RTD100 DL and average HBI | r = − 0.54 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT at 30°/s NDL and maximum HBF | r = − 0.61 (L) | ||||
| CON KE PT at 240°/s DL and maximum HBP | r = − 0.57 (L) | ||||
| CON KE PT at 240°/s NDL and maximum HBP | r = − 0.58 (L) | ||||
| CON KF PT at 240°/s DL and maximum HBP | r = − 0.58 (L) | ||||
| RTD100 KF CON/KE CON DL ratio and maximum HBP | r = − 0.61 (L) | ||||
| RTD100 KF CON/KE CON NDL ratio and maximum HBP | r = − 0.59 (L) | ||||
| ECC KE PT at 30°/s NDL and maximum HBI | r = − 0.75 (VL) | ||||
| RTD100 KF CON/KE CON DL ratio and maximum HBI | r = − 0.57 (L) |
2D two-dimensional, 3D three-dimensional, 505Tra traditional 505 change of direction test with 15-m approach distance, ACC horizontal acceleration, AP almost perfect (0.90–0.99), CON concentric, DEC horizontal deceleration, DJ drop jump, DTS distance-to-stop, ECC eccentric, ES effect size [interpreted as: T trivial (0–0.19), M moderate (0.60–1.19), L large (1.20–1.99), VL very large (2.0–4.0)], GRF ground reaction force, HBF horizontal braking force, HBI horizontal braking impulse, HBP horizontal braking power, KE knee extensor, KF knee flexor, PFC penultimate foot contact, PT peak torque, r correlation [interpreted as: M moderate (0.30–0.49), L large (0.50–0.69), VL very large (0.70–0.89)], r2 = coefficient of determination, RSI reactive strength index, RTD rate of torque development, TTS time to stop, Vmax peak velocity