Fig. 1. Sequential and integrated routes of CO₂ capture and conversion.

a Schematic illustration and block diagrams of the sequential route for amine-based CO₂ capture and electrolysis to produce CO. CO₂ electrolyser is based on membrane-electrode assemblies. b Schematic illustration and block flow diagrams of integrated CO₂ capture and direct CO₂ electroreduction from capture medium. The compression unit between stripper and electrolyzer is not shown in the block diagram. The CO₂ loadings of the CO₂-rich (X_in) and CO₂-lean amine (X_out) streams are assumed based on Gjernes et al. report²⁴.