Fig. 3. Energy comparison between sequential and integrated routes in different scenarios.

Scenario analysis of (a) overall energy consumption, (b) thermal energy and electricity consumption, and (c) energy cost for sequential and integrated routes. In the sequential route, the CO₂ electrolyser includes state-of-the-art gas-fed electrolysers that show 50% CO₂ utilisation or future scenarios with 100% CO₂ utilisation. The optimistic, baseline and pessimistic electrolysis cases for the integrated routes are compared against the sequential route.