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. 2022 Sep 14;8:385. doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01172-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A miRNA sponge. Some circRNAs negatively regulate miRNA-mediated gene silencing by competitively binding to miRNA and releasing its target mRNA. B Interaction with proteins. CircIPO11 interacts with topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) and then recruits it to the GLI1 promoter to trigger protein expression. circPTPRA interacts with IGF2BP1 and inhibits its function as an m⁶A reader. As protein scaffolds, some circRNAs interact with an enzyme and its substrate and then facilitate the association between them. C As a template for protein translation. Some circRNAs containing internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) and those with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification can serve as templates for protein translation.