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. 2022 Sep 14;12:15472. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19843-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-inflammation effects of FDLE (a) Relative mRNA level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 in rat colonic mucosa. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 4 rats per group. (b) The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS induce RAW 264.7 cells treated with FDLE. Relative mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and LPS each 10 ng/mL) induced colorectal cancer cell lines at 48 h. (c) HT-29 cells. (d) HCT-116 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments which are similar results. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.