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. 2022 Sep 14;12:15476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19335-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SMAD3 phosphorylation is increased in non-dilated bicuspid (BAV) and unicuspid (UAV) aortic valve aortas, and increases with dilatation in tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) and BAV/UAV aortas. (A) Fluorescent micrographs of ascending aortic cross-sections immunolabeled for phosphorylated SMAD3 (green points inside nuclei, indicated by white arrows) and counter-stained with DAPI (red). (B) Graph depicting the percentage of phosphorylated SMAD3 (pSMAD3)-positive smooth muscle cells in non-dilated (ND) aortas from individuals with a TAV, BAV or UAV. (C) Graph depicting the relationship between pSMAD3 and maximal ascending aortic diameter in TAV (blue) and BAV/UAV (pink) aortas. (D) Graphs depicting the percentage of pSMAD3-positive SMCs in ND and D aortas from individuals with a TAV, BAV or UAV. *P < 0.05. Scalebar = 10 µm.