Table 2.

Advantages and disadvantages of fish feed alternatives – protein source.

	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Black Soldier Fly	-food waste (vegetable, fruit, factory waste and animal tissues) can be converted into high quality protein -contains a high amount of protein -good lipid source -a well-balanced amount of amino acids -good source of minerals and vitamins (iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, magnesium) -palatability -sustainability -nutraceutical benefits -a valuable source of protein and amino acid -grow and multiplies rapidly -no arable land is required -effectively converts low-quality organic matter into high-quality proteins and fats	-price -an unbalanced diet, too much of an insect meal can negatively affect growth -the nutritional value of the feed and the effect on the fish vary depending on the species of insect	[21, 25, 26, 27]
Meal worm	-palatability -sustainability -nutraceutical benefits -a valuable source of protein and amino acid -grow and multiplies rapidly -no arable land is required -effectively converts low-quality organic matter into high-quality proteins and fats	-price -an unbalanced diet, too much of an insect meal can negatively affect growth -the nutritional value of the feed and the effect on the fish vary depending on the species of insect	[28, 29, 30]
Soybean	-high protein content -improves fish growth -price -availability	-lectin and non-starch polysaccharides reduced feed intake -low phosphorus content -the presence of indigestible fibers -lack of essential amino acids that affect the quality of fish -low in methionine -poor palatability -no longer sustainable -mycotoxin risk	[15, 20, 25, 27]
Fishmeal	-improves the growth of fish -pleasant taste -easily digests -balanced nutrition - composition and concentration of proteins, minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids -low feed conversion factor, resulting in less feed waste -increased immunity, which improves survival -palatability	-no longer sustainable -availability -price	[20, 25]