Comparing the LOD using voltametric detection of As3+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ in water samples of recent reports from various researchersa.
| WE | Technique | Metal ion | LOD (ppb) | Sensitivity μA μg L−1 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CoPc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | As3+ | 4.39 | 0.18 | 251 |
| FePc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | As3+ | 3.66 | 0.20 | 251 |
| Nano Au-CRV film-GCE | DPV | As3+ | 15.58 | 0.8075 μA μM−1 cm2 | 163 |
| NPG-AuE | ASV | As3+ | 1.499 | 13.0 nA μM−1 | 252 |
| CoPc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Cd2+ | 14.62 | 0.10 | 251 |
| FePc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Cd2+ | 11.56 | 0.15 | 251 |
| Cr-CPE | SWASV | Cd2+ | 3.000 | — | 253 |
| SnO2 QDs-AuE | CV | Cd2+ | 500.0 | 77.5 × 102 nA ppm−1 cm−2 | 254 |
| CoPc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Hg2+ | 4.890 | 0.17 | 251 |
| FePc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Hg2+ | 2.280 | 0.37 | 251 |
| Hg2+ IIP-CILE | DPASV | Hg2+ | 20.06 | — | 255 |
| MnPc-GCE | SWASV | Hg2+ | 401.2 | 1.45 A cm−2 M−1 | 256 |
| CoPc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Pb2+ | 6.060 | 251 | |
| FePc/Si-NP-GCE | DPASV | Pb2+ | 4.540 | 251 | |
| BRMCPE-CPE | SWASV | Pb2+ | 15.00 | 257 | |
| MWCNT-CPE | PSA | Pb2+ | 7.015 | 258 |
a
CRV crystal violet, DPV differential pulse voltammetry, NPG nanoporous gold, Cr chromium(iii) oxide, QDs quantum dots, IIP ion-imprinted polymer, BRMCPE black rice, CPE carbon paste electrode, MWCNT multiwalled carbon nanotube, PSA potentiometric stripping analysis.