Table 2.
Summary of immunotherapy‐based strategies being developed and used in trials
| Strategy | Compounds | Basis and application | FDA approval |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Cancer cell antigen release and presentation | BCG | Attenuated Mycobacterium bovis for urothelial carcinoma. | Yes |
| Sipuleucel‐T | APC stimulated with prostatic acid phosphatase linked with GM‐CSF for castration‐resistant prostate cancer. | Yes | |
| IMLYGIC/T‐VEC | Attenuated oncolytic virus (herpes 1‐based) for melanoma. | Yes | |
| 2. Priming and expanding T‐cells | Ipilimumab | Anti‐CTLA‐4 mAb for melanoma. | Yes |
| CDX | Agonist anti‐CD27 mAb in clinical trials. | No | |
| Urelumab and PFZ‐05082566 | Agonist anti‐CD137 mAb in clinical trials. | No | |
| MEDI6383 and MOXR0916 | Agonist humanized anti‐OX40 mAbs in clinical trials. | No | |
| IL‐2 | Recombinant IL‐2 for renal cancer and metastatic melanoma. | Yes | |
| 3. T‐cell trafficking and infiltration | Bevacizumab | Anti‐VEGF mAb for different cancer types. | Yes |
| 4. Recognition of cancer cells by T‐cells | Axicabtagene ciloleucel | CAR‐T therapy for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. | Yes |
| Tisagenlecleucel | CAR‐T therapy for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Yes | |
| Catumaxomab | BiTEs therapy. Anti‐EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) mAb for carcinomas. | Yes | |
| Blinatumomab | BiTEs therapy. Anti‐CD19 mAb for acute lymphoblastic leukemias. | Yes | |
| 5. Killing cancer cells | Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab | Anti‐PD‐1 mAb for melanoma and metastatic cervical cancer. | Yes |
| CA‐170 | Anti‐VISTA (v‐domain Ig suppressor of T‐cell activation) mAb for lymphomas. | No | |
| NCT02061761 | Anti‐LAG‐3 mAb for refractory hematologic malignancies. | No | |
| TSR‐022 | Anti‐TIM‐3 (T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin 3) mAb for advanced solid tumors. | No | |
| OMP‐31M32 and BMS‐986207 | Anti‐TIGIT (T‐cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory domain) mAb for advanced metastatic solid tumors. | No | |
| CB‐1158 | Small molecule inhibitor of arginase for advanced solid tumors. | No | |
| Epacadostat | Small molecule inhibitor of IDO‐1 for melanoma. | No | |
| GC1008 | Anti‐TGF‐β mAb for advanced malignant melanoma. | No | |
| Galunisertib | Anti‐TGFR‐β mAb for hepatocellular carcinoma. | No | |
| M7824 | Chimeric Anti‐PD‐1 mAb and TGF‐β receptor | No |