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. 2022 Jul 14;9(26):2202470. doi: 10.1002/advs.202202470

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Novel materials with multiple sensing principles in a single unit. a) Dual‐modal sensor built by a liquid droplet. Reproduced with permission.[ 75 ] Copyright 2016, Wiley‐VCH. i) Sensing principle of the droplet sensor. ii) Variation of voltage over time when detecting temperature and pressure simultaneously. b) Dual‐parameter sensor based on thermoelectric materials[ 76 ] at i) initial condition and after ii) temperature loading (with changed intercept) and iii) pressure loading (with shifted slope). iv) The sensor detects both the temperature and pressure with variations from the intercept and slope of the current‐voltage (I–V) curve. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License.[ 76 ] Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. c) Multiparameter sensor based on ionic aerogels. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License.[ 77 ] Copyright 2019, The Authors, published by Wiley‐VCH. i) Schematic illustration of the pressure‐temperature‐humidity sensor with I–V curves exhibiting ii) different slopes for varying pressures and iii) different voltage axis intercepts for various temperatures. iv) Voltage as a function of time for different humidity values (ΔT = 10k added at 4 min). d) Artificial multimodal receptors that can differentiate strain and temperature. Reproduced with permission.[ 12 ] Copyright 2020, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. i) Schematic illustration and ii) frequency‐dependent behavior of the ion conductor in different electric fields. iii) Bode plots for an ion conductor with a 5 wt% ion concentration at different temperatures. iv) Demonstration of the Bode plot with an increased (cut‐off) charge relaxation frequency (τ −1) and decreased resistance after applying temperature. v) Bode plot displaying a parallel downshift when the device is stimulated by tensile strain. vi) Changes in the charge relaxation time (ln (τ)) as a function of T −1 (T, temperature). vii) Relationship between the relative changes in capacitance and the tensile strain at various temperatures. e) Frequency‐enabled decouplable dual‐modal sensor. i) Schematic of the bimodal sensor based on chitosan. Reproduced with permission.[ 78 ] Copyright 2020, IEEE. ii) Capacitance measurement of the sensor with different‐sized micropyramids under different frequencies at 80 kPa. iii) Temperature sensing performance varied under different frequencies. iv) Capacitance changes at 1 kHz (C f1) and 500 Hz (C f2) with both temperature and pressure stimuli. 3D map produced by linear interpolation to estimate pressure (v) and temperature (vi).