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. 2022 Jul 14;9(26):2202470. doi: 10.1002/advs.202202470

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Materials with different response times to decouple temperature and force. a) Multifunctional tactile sensor based on ZnO/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film for detecting pressure and temperature. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License.[ 89 ] Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. i) Schematic of the sensor and ii) its recovery time changing with the applied pressure at different temperatures. iii) Color mapping to show the resistance changes as a function of recovery time, with iv) corresponding pressures applied to the sensor. b) Multi‐effect flexible tactile sensor in decoupling temperature and pressure. Reproduced with permission.[ 90 ] Copyright 2019, Elsevier Ltd. i) Schematic of the tactile sensor for sensing pressure (top) and temperature (bottom). Voltage changes in the sensor when the pressure of 38 kPa is applied with a temperature of ii) 37 or iii) 15 °C. The enlarged view shows V 1 generated by the temperature and pressure and V 2 by the temperature only. c) Ferroelectric skins for detecting static/dynamic pressure and temperature. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY NC License.[ 91 ] Copyright 2015, The Authors, published by The American Association for the Advancement of Science. i) Schematic diagram of the ferroelectric skin and ii) its response (relative resistance changes) versus time for loading/unloading at various temperatures and pressures. d) Multifunctional E‐skin based on an interlocked quasi‐hemispherical micropattern array. Reproduced with permission.[ 92 ] Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V. ii) Response and recovery times with an object placed on top. iii) Change in relative resistance when the sensor is stimulated by both temperature and pressure. e) Dual‐mode sensor fabricated by an ionic hydrogel. Reproduced with permission.[ 93 ] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. i) Pressure sensing mechanism and ii) its relative resistance changes upon pressure loading. iii) Sensing mechanism for temperature and iv) its change in relative resistance at 40 °C. v) Variation of relative resistance versus time upon both temperature and force loadings.