Table 22.

Hazard Ratios for Associations Between PM_2.5 and NO₂ and Natural-Cause Mortality in Six Administrative Cohorts: Indirect Adjustment, Adjustment for Area-Level Disease^a

	Cohort	HR (95% CI), Main Model	HR (95% CI) with Indirect Adjustment	HR (95% CI), Main Model, Reduced Population Area-Level Adjustment	HR (95% CI) with Area-Level Lung Cancer, COPD, Diabetes
PM2.5
	Belgian	1.023 (1.011, 1.035)	1.049 (1.036, 1.062)	NAb	1.029 (1.017, 1.041)c
	Danish	1.141 (1.118, 1.164)	1.118 (1.095, 1.140)	NAb	1.143 (1.120, 1.167)d
	Dutch	1.021 (0.999, 1.044)	1.015 (0.993, 1.038)	NAb	1.007 (0.985, 1.030)e
	Norwegian	1.076 (1.066, 1.086)	1.055 (1.045, 1.065)	1.095 (1.080, 1.109)f	1.081 (1.067, 1.095)c
	Roman	1.066 (1.033, 1.099)	1.111 (1.080, 1.142)	NAb	1.041 (1.009, 1.075)e
	Swiss	1.026 (1.015, 1.038)	1.015 (1.003, 1.027)	NAb	NA
NO2
	Belgian	1.001 (0.995, 1.007)	1.012 (1.006, 1.019)	NAb	1.004 (0.998, 1.011)c
	Danish	1.107 (1.096, 1.118)	1.088 (1.077, 1.099)	NAb	1.107 (1.096, 1.119)d
	Dutch	1.030 (1.019, 1.041)	1.020 (1.009, 1.031)	NAb	1.024 (1.013, 1.035)e
	Norwegian	1.062 (1.055, 1.070)	1.051 (1.044, 1.059)	1.080 (1.070, 1.090)f	1.073 (1.063, 1.083)c
	Roman	1.028 (1.018, 1.038)	1.044 (1.035, 1.053)	NAb	1.019 (1.009, 1.029)e
	Swiss	1.050 (1.041, 1.059)	1.034 (1.025, 1.042)	NAb	NA

^a HR (95% CI) presented for the following increments: PM_2.5, 5 μg/m³; NO₂, 10 μg/m³; BC, 0.5 × 10^-5/m; O₃, 10 μg/m³. Main model adjusted for age, sex, year of baseline visit, and cohort-specific individual- and area-level SES variables.

^b NA implies HR of full population applies.

^c Municipality-level diabetes and lung cancer simultaneously.

^d Municipality-level lung cancer, diabetes, and COPD simultaneously.

^e Neighborhood scale lung cancer, diabetes, and COPD simultaneously.

^f Reduced population available for municipality-level diseases adjustment (N = 1,868,397).