Table 24.
Hazard Ratios for Associations Between Air Pollution and Natural-Cause Mortality in Time Varying Analyses: Time-Varying Exposure Including Residential Mobility: Meta-analysisa of Administrative Cohorts
| Pollutant | Main Model | Strata for 1 Yearb (difference method) HR (95% CI) |
Strata for 1 Yearb (ratio method) HR (95% CI) |
Strata for 5 Yearb (difference method) HR (95% CI) |
Strata for 5 Yearb (ratio method) HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | 1.053 (1.021, 1.085) | 1.047 (1.012, 1.083) | 1.039 (1.012, 1.068) | 1.070 (0.969, 1.182) | 1.061 (0.975, 1.154) |
| NO2 | 1.044 (1.019, 1.069) | 1.039 (1.014, 1.063) | 1.037 (1.014, 1.060) | 1.044 (1.007, 1.082) | 1.049 (1.007, 1.093) |
| BC | 1.039 (1.018, 1.059) | 1.033 (1.014, 1.052) | 1.034 (1.015, 1.054) | 1.027 (0.988, 1.068) | 1.015 (0.945, 1.090) |
| O3 | 0.953 (0.929, 0.979) | 0.957 (0.932, 0.982) | 0.958 (0.934, 0.983) | 1.009 (0.944, 1.078) | 1.014 (0.952, 1.080) |
a Meta-analyses of seven cohorts (1-year strata) and of five cohorts (5-year strata, all but Dutch and English because of short follow-up time).
b To adjust for time trends in mortality and pollution.